Association of hospital-treated infectious diseases and infection burden with cardiovascular diseases and life expectancy

Background

The association of a broad spectrum of infectious diseases with cardiovascular outcomes remains unclear.

Objectives

We aim to provide the cardiovascular risk profiles associated with a wide range of infectious diseases and explore the extent to which infections reduce life expectancy.

Methods

We ascertained exposure to 900+ infectious diseases before cardiovascular disease (CVD) onset in 453,102 participants from the UK Biobank study. Time-varying Cox proportional hazard models were used. Life table was used to estimate the life expectancy of individuals aged ≥50 with different levels of infection burden (defined as the number of infection episodes over time and the number of co-occurring infections).

Results

Infectious diseases were associated with a greater risk of CVD events (adjusted HR [aHR] 1.79 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.74–1.83]). For type-specific analysis, bacterial infection with sepsis had the strongest risk of CVD events [aHR 4.76 (4.35–5.20)]. For site-specific analysis, heart and circulation infections posed the greatest risk of CVD events [aHR 4.95 (95% CI 3.77–6.50)], whereas noncardiac infections also showed excess risk [1.77 (1.72–1.81)]. Synergistic interactions were observed between infections and genetic risk score. A dose–response relationship was found between infection burden and CVD risks (p-trend <0.001). Infection burden >1 led to a CVD-related life loss at age 50 by 9.3 years [95% CI 8.6–10.3]) for men and 6.6 years [5.5–7.8] for women.

Conclusions

The magnitude of the infection-CVD association showed specificity in sex, pathogen type, infection burden, and infection site. High genetic risk and infection synergistically increased the CVD risk.