Xanthogranulomatous mastitis: a rare entity presenting with breast lump and mimicking fibroadenoma in a young female

Xanthogranulomatous mastitis is a rare chronic granulomatous inflammation of breast tissue, characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells, lipid-laden foamy macrophages, and cholesterol crystals. The breast is an extremely rare location for xanthogranulomatous inflammation. The authors describe a case of xanthogranulomatous mastitis in a 26-year-old female patient who presented with a 4×5 cm lump in her right breast. After ultrasonography (revealed a well-circumscribed hypoechoic lesion, with increased vascularity), and surgical consultation, an excisional biopsy was done, and sent for histopathologic examination, which showed features suggestive of xanthogranulomatous mastitis. Xanthogranulomatous mastitis, clinically as well as radiologically mimics some other conditions of breast like breast cancer, or fibroadenoma. Ultrasonography usually reveals a well-circumscribed hypoechoic lesion, with increased vascularity, and mammography usually shows BIRADs 3 to 5. Diagnosis is usually based on histopathologic findings of multinucleated giant cells, lipid-laden foamy macrophages, and cholesterol crystals. Treatment is usually surgical excision. Though xanthogranulomatous inflammations are rare in the breast, they must be considered a differential diagnosis in patients presenting with various breast symptoms like lump, pain, or features of breast malignancy.