Water as a social determinant of health: bringing policies into action

Water is one of the social determinants of health and a key factor towards improving health outcomes and inequalities. Access to safe and adequate water has been identified as an essential component for protecting, maintaining and promoting public health and reducing the total burden of diseases. Though India has made substantial progress in increasing access to safe drinking water in rural areas through household tap connections, there is a lack of contemporary evidence reflecting the progress achieved so far. A desk review of India’s schemes, programmes, and policies on access to drinking water was undertaken for review. Programme and policy documents from various central government websites such as the Ministry of Jal Shakti, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Jal Jeevan Mission, and Central Water Commission websites were reviewed. The paper focuses on the recently launched Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) in addressing the identified gaps of the former initiatives in rural areas. The broad vision of JJM also aims to reduce the incidence of acute diarrhoeal diseases. It was found that with the launch of JJM in 2019, tap water connections in rural households have increased from 16.69% (2019) to 62.79% (2023). The Government of India (GoI)’s commitment and citizen-centric approach to decentralised governance in providing safe drinking water to all is reflected in the financial allocations made under the JJM to states and fifteen finance commission (FC-XV) grants. The review highlights the need for intersectoral coordination across the levels to realise better results and health outcomes.