An overview of risk factors in children with febrile seizures

Introduction: Febrile seizures (FS) are the most common neurologic disorder seen in children. Caused mainly by fever without any damage to the central nervous system (CNS). The associations of several factors, which we can find in the inflammatory response and genetic predisposition, are involved in the occurrence of FS. Aim: This review provides insight into risk factors, particularly the involvement of the inflammatory response and genetic susceptibility in the occurrence of FS. Methods: A PubMed search was performed using the keywords « febrile seizures », « inflammatory response », « Pro-inflammatory cytokines », «And anti-inflammatory cytokines ». The search strategy included meta-analyses, prospective case-control studies, clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews. Results: Febrile seizures with a peak incidence of 18 months usually occur between 6 months and 5 years. A variety of genetic, inflammatory, and environmental factors, including viruses and vaccines, trigger FS. A positive family history of febrile seizures increases the risk for FS occurrence with (20%) in siblings and (33%) in one parent. The involvement of inflammatory response genes, including the cytokine genes IL1B, IL1R, IL6, and IL4. According to these findings, FS is associated with the activation of a cascade of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and the unbalance between these cytokines in the inflammation regulation plays a role in the development of FS. Conclusion: Current knowledge suggests that genetic susceptibility and inflammatory response dysregulation contribute to FS's genesis.