E. M. Quijano Cardé, K. Anenson, S. Yun, T. I. Heckman, Hali T. Jungers, E. Henderson, S. L. Purcell, Mark Fast, Esteban Soto
{"title":"Acipenserid herpesvirus 2 对白鲟(Acipenser transmontanus)合并感染猪链球菌的结果的影响","authors":"E. M. Quijano Cardé, K. Anenson, S. Yun, T. I. Heckman, Hali T. Jungers, E. Henderson, S. L. Purcell, Mark Fast, Esteban Soto","doi":"10.3389/faquc.2024.1306518","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Acipenserid herpesvirus 2 (AciHV-2) is a large double-stranded DNA virus in the family Alloherpesviridae that causes catastrophic outbreaks in young naive white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) populations, with mortalities of up to 80%. Survivors of these infections are suspected to remain latently infected. The gram-positive zoonotic bacterium Streptococcus iniae is another important sturgeon pathogen that causes severe myositis and up to 50% mortality during natural outbreaks. Throughout the last decade, co-infections of AciHV-2 and S. iniae have been reported in cultured white sturgeon in California resulting in severe presentations of piscine streptococcosis. This phenomenon of herpesvirus and streptococcus co-infection appears to span multiple taxa since in humans, it is recognized that a Human herpesvirus 3 infection (VZV) is a negative prognostic indicator for pediatric Invasive Group A Streptococcal infections (IGASI). While a decrease in humoral immunity caused by VZV has been hypothesized as a potentially important factor in IGASI cases, no natural animal model exists to study this process. Moreover, no studies have investigated these reported co-infections in white sturgeon. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the effects of a recent AciHV-2 infection on the outcome of a subsequent S. iniae challenge in white sturgeon fingerlings. When fish were infected with 108 colony forming units (CFU) of S. iniae intramuscularly (IM), a statistically significant decrease in survival of 41% was detected in the co-infection group compared to the S. iniae group (p-value < 0.001). This difference was not observed when fish were infected with 106 CFU of S. iniae IM. At this lower infection dose, however, a statistically significant downregulation of tnfα was observed in the spleen of fish in the co-infection group compared to the S. iniae group (p-value = 0.0098). Analysis of serum from survivors revealed a statistically significant reduction in anti-S. iniae serum IgM and serum serotransferrin in fish from the co-infection group compared to the S. iniae group (p-value = 0.0134 and p-value = 0.0183, respectively). Further studies are indicated to determine what interactions lead to the decreased production of pathogen-specific IgM, serotransferrin, and TNFα in the host.","PeriodicalId":101308,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in aquaculture","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Effects of Acipenserid herpesvirus 2 on the outcome of a Streptococcus iniae co-infection in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)\",\"authors\":\"E. M. Quijano Cardé, K. Anenson, S. Yun, T. I. Heckman, Hali T. Jungers, E. Henderson, S. L. Purcell, Mark Fast, Esteban Soto\",\"doi\":\"10.3389/faquc.2024.1306518\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Acipenserid herpesvirus 2 (AciHV-2) is a large double-stranded DNA virus in the family Alloherpesviridae that causes catastrophic outbreaks in young naive white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) populations, with mortalities of up to 80%. Survivors of these infections are suspected to remain latently infected. The gram-positive zoonotic bacterium Streptococcus iniae is another important sturgeon pathogen that causes severe myositis and up to 50% mortality during natural outbreaks. Throughout the last decade, co-infections of AciHV-2 and S. iniae have been reported in cultured white sturgeon in California resulting in severe presentations of piscine streptococcosis. This phenomenon of herpesvirus and streptococcus co-infection appears to span multiple taxa since in humans, it is recognized that a Human herpesvirus 3 infection (VZV) is a negative prognostic indicator for pediatric Invasive Group A Streptococcal infections (IGASI). While a decrease in humoral immunity caused by VZV has been hypothesized as a potentially important factor in IGASI cases, no natural animal model exists to study this process. Moreover, no studies have investigated these reported co-infections in white sturgeon. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the effects of a recent AciHV-2 infection on the outcome of a subsequent S. iniae challenge in white sturgeon fingerlings. When fish were infected with 108 colony forming units (CFU) of S. iniae intramuscularly (IM), a statistically significant decrease in survival of 41% was detected in the co-infection group compared to the S. iniae group (p-value < 0.001). This difference was not observed when fish were infected with 106 CFU of S. iniae IM. At this lower infection dose, however, a statistically significant downregulation of tnfα was observed in the spleen of fish in the co-infection group compared to the S. iniae group (p-value = 0.0098). Analysis of serum from survivors revealed a statistically significant reduction in anti-S. iniae serum IgM and serum serotransferrin in fish from the co-infection group compared to the S. iniae group (p-value = 0.0134 and p-value = 0.0183, respectively). 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引用次数: 0
摘要
白鲟疱疹病毒 2(AciHV-2)是一种大型双链 DNA 病毒,属于疱疹病毒科(Alloherpesviridae),会在幼年天真白鲟(Acipenser transmontanus)种群中引起灾难性爆发,死亡率高达 80%。这些感染的幸存者被怀疑仍处于潜伏感染状态。革兰氏阳性人畜共患病细菌猪链球菌是另一种重要的鲟鱼病原体,在自然疫情爆发时会导致严重的肌炎,死亡率高达 50%。过去十年间,加利福尼亚州一直有养殖白鲟同时感染 AciHV-2 和 Iniae 链球菌的报道,导致严重的鱼类链球菌病。这种疱疹病毒和链球菌共同感染的现象似乎跨越了多个类群,因为在人类中,人类疱疹病毒 3 感染(VZV)被认为是小儿侵袭性 A 组链球菌感染(IGASI)的一个负面预后指标。虽然 VZV 引起的体液免疫力下降被认为是 IGASI 病例的一个潜在重要因素,但目前还没有天然动物模型来研究这一过程。此外,也没有研究调查过白鲟的这些合并感染。因此,本研究的目的是调查最近的 AciHV-2 感染对白鲟幼鱼随后的 S. iniae 挑战结果的影响。当用 108 个菌落形成单位(CFU)的 S. iniae 肌肉注射(IM)感染鱼类时,与 S. iniae 组相比,合并感染组的存活率在统计学上显著下降了 41%(p 值 < 0.001)。用 106 CFU 的 S. iniae IM 感染鱼类时,没有观察到这种差异。然而,在这一较低的感染剂量下,与 S. iniae 组相比,共同感染组鱼类脾脏中的 tnfα 出现了统计学意义上的显著下调(p 值 = 0.0098)。对幸存者血清的分析表明,与 S. iniae 组相比,共同感染组鱼类的抗 S. iniae 血清 IgM 和血清转铁蛋白在统计学上显著降低(p 值 = 0.0134 和 p 值 = 0.0183)。需要进一步研究以确定是什么相互作用导致宿主体内病原体特异性 IgM、血清转铁蛋白和 TNFα 的产生减少。
Effects of Acipenserid herpesvirus 2 on the outcome of a Streptococcus iniae co-infection in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)
Acipenserid herpesvirus 2 (AciHV-2) is a large double-stranded DNA virus in the family Alloherpesviridae that causes catastrophic outbreaks in young naive white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) populations, with mortalities of up to 80%. Survivors of these infections are suspected to remain latently infected. The gram-positive zoonotic bacterium Streptococcus iniae is another important sturgeon pathogen that causes severe myositis and up to 50% mortality during natural outbreaks. Throughout the last decade, co-infections of AciHV-2 and S. iniae have been reported in cultured white sturgeon in California resulting in severe presentations of piscine streptococcosis. This phenomenon of herpesvirus and streptococcus co-infection appears to span multiple taxa since in humans, it is recognized that a Human herpesvirus 3 infection (VZV) is a negative prognostic indicator for pediatric Invasive Group A Streptococcal infections (IGASI). While a decrease in humoral immunity caused by VZV has been hypothesized as a potentially important factor in IGASI cases, no natural animal model exists to study this process. Moreover, no studies have investigated these reported co-infections in white sturgeon. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the effects of a recent AciHV-2 infection on the outcome of a subsequent S. iniae challenge in white sturgeon fingerlings. When fish were infected with 108 colony forming units (CFU) of S. iniae intramuscularly (IM), a statistically significant decrease in survival of 41% was detected in the co-infection group compared to the S. iniae group (p-value < 0.001). This difference was not observed when fish were infected with 106 CFU of S. iniae IM. At this lower infection dose, however, a statistically significant downregulation of tnfα was observed in the spleen of fish in the co-infection group compared to the S. iniae group (p-value = 0.0098). Analysis of serum from survivors revealed a statistically significant reduction in anti-S. iniae serum IgM and serum serotransferrin in fish from the co-infection group compared to the S. iniae group (p-value = 0.0134 and p-value = 0.0183, respectively). Further studies are indicated to determine what interactions lead to the decreased production of pathogen-specific IgM, serotransferrin, and TNFα in the host.