预防大学生近视的矫正和预防措施

V.I. Horoshko, Yevheniia G. Khomenko, Andrii I. Horoshko
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引用次数: 0

摘要

导言。一方面,学生近视的流行情况不容乐观,另一方面,对学生近视的发展、进展和稳定机制的了解极不全面,这决定了本研究的相关性。本研究的目的是对导致近视发生的因素进行全面分析,并制定评估近视发生风险、预防近视发展和心理矫正的方法,研究体力消耗在预防视觉疲劳和借助治疗性练习对近视进行心理矫正方面的作用。材料和方法。研究对象是来自乌克兰不同地区的具有代表性的学生。为了使研究结果具有足够的代表性,研究人员在统计计算的基础上确定了参与人数--尤里-康德拉秋克-波尔塔瓦国立理工大学 62 名一、二年级学生。使用伯顿(B. Burdon)的 "校正测试 "方法研究了近视眼和正常眼健康学生的注意力稳定性和注意力转换速度的特殊性。结果和讨论。通过分析投射法的结果,我们可以发现,近视眼学生在生活中受家庭影响的比例更高(25%),而健康学生受家庭影响的比例仅为 10%。在焦虑指标方面也发现了差异,特别是近视眼患者对社会表现出更多的焦虑和不安全感(41%),而健康人则为 23%。同时,在交流开放性方面的差异并不明显--近视者的交流开放性较高(56%),而健康者为 67%。在住宿相对储备减少的学生中,更常观察到背部肌肉静态耐力的下降。男生为 17.74%,女生为 22.58%。32.25%的男生和 77.41%的女生姿势不正确。为了提高背部、颈部和按压部位肌肉的静态耐力,我们开发了一种技巧,包括每组肌肉重复 2-3 次练习,每次练习之间间隔较短。结论1.与轻度和中度近视相对应的屈光障碍包括视网膜、视觉通路和大脑皮层功能的重组。2.2. 在存在近视的情况下,视觉感觉系统和高级神经活动(尤其是注意力)的功能都会发生变化。3.3. 近视的存在还与个人的心理特征有关,特别是焦虑程度、独立程度和对家庭的依恋感、寻求社会保护和自我发展的安全环境。4.纠正和预防措施应包括一系列措施,如对视觉分析仪进行心理生理刺激、选择视觉负荷的个人执行模式、增加家庭内部互动方法的多样性等。5.在大学环境中进行的体育锻炼对学生近视问题影响的研究结果分析表明,体育活动和适应性体育锻炼对预防学生近视的发展非常有效。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
CORRECTIVE AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR THE PREVENTION OF MYOPIA IN STUDENTS IN A UNIVERSITY ENVIRONMENT
Introduction. The relevance of the conducted research is determined, on the one hand, by the unfavorable epidemiological situation regarding myopia among students, and on the other hand, by extremely incomplete knowledge of the mechanisms that mediate its development, progression, and stabilization. The aim of this study is to carry out a comprehensive analysis of factors that contribute to the development of myopia, as well as the development of methods for assessing the risk of its occurrence, prevention of progression and psychological correction of myopia, research on the role of physical exertion in the prevention of visual fatigue and psychological correction of myopia with the help of therapeutic exercises. Materials and methods. The study covered a representative sample of students from different regions of Ukraine. The number of participants was determined on the basis of statistical calculations to achieve sufficient representativeness of the results – 62 first- and second-year students of the Yuri Kondratyuk Poltava Polytechnic National University. The study of the peculiarities of the stability of attention and the speed of attention switching of myopic and normally ophthalmologically healthy students using the "Correction test" method by B. Burdon. Results and discussion. Analyzing the results of the projective method, we can note that myopic individuals have more often (25%) the influence of the family in their lives, in contrast to healthy individuals (10%). Differences are also observed in the indicators of anxiety, in particular, myopic people show more anxiety in relation to society and feel insecurity (41%), in contrast to healthy people (23%). At the same time, there are insignificant differences in openness to communication – myopic people show a high level (56%) in contrast to healthy people (67%). Among students with a reduced relative reserve of accommodation, a decrease in the static endurance of the back muscles was more often observed. It was 17.74% for boys and 22.58% for girls. 32.25% of boys and 77.41% of girls had incorrect postures. To increase the static endurance of the muscles of the back, neck, and press, a technique was developed that included two repetitions of 2-3 exercises for each muscle group with a short interval between repetitions. Conclusions. 1. Refractive disorders corresponding to mild and moderate myopia include restructuring of function at the level of the retina, visual pathways, and cerebral cortex. 2. Under conditions of the presence of myopia in a person, changes occur in the functioning of both the visual sensory system and higher nervous activity, in particular, attention. 3. The presence of myopia is also related to the psychological characteristics of the individual, in particular, the level of anxiety, the degree of independence and the feeling of attachment to the family, the search for protection from society and a safe environment for self-development. 4. Corrective and preventive measures should include a set of measures, such as psychophysiological stimulation of visual analyzers, selection of individual modes of performance of visual loads, increasing the variety of methods of intra-family interaction. 5. The analysis of the results of the study in the university environment of the impact of physical exercises on the problem of myopia among students showed the high effectiveness of physical activity and adapted physical exercises for the prevention of the development of myopia among students.
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