End-of-life solar photovoltaic waste management: A comparison as per European Union and United States regulatory approaches

The increasing growth of solar photovoltaic (PV) deployment raises end-of-life management concerns. Previous studies have forecasted PV waste; however, the implications of the regulations were not assessed. The present study estimates the volume and composition of end-of-life solar PV waste for the European Union and the United States. The recycling potential of generated waste and the fate of materials in end-of-life PV waste as per the present regulations is also estimated. Further, the work analyses solar manufacturers contributing to the waste and provides recommendations for improving solar PV waste management. The analysis in the present study shows that 24.93 million tonnes and 36.23 million tonnes (metric ton) of PV waste with an economic value of 189 billion USD and 262 billion USD are expected to be generated between 2025 and 2050 in the US and European Union, respectively. This work also indicates that the US lacks federal PV waste-specific management regulations and has different requirements across the states. In contrast, European countries have adopted the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive in their national legislations in addition to country-specific PV manufacturer compliance schemes. Due to the lack of regulations, 20 MT of PV waste is expected to be disposed of in landfills in the US. Chinese manufacturers like Tongwei, Aiko, and LONGi are leading manufacturers of PV shipments globally. They could play a significant role in PV recycling and management if they adopt take-back programs and invest in recycling, contributing to future end-of-life PV waste management. In light of these observations, a need for greater synchronization between federal and state-level end-of-life PV regulations, collaboration among recyclers and PV industry stakeholders, and continued research and knowledge sharing is recommended. Secondly, incorporating emerging contaminants in PV waste regulations and waste characterization methods is required for responsible recycling and safe management.