Genetic diversity of barley accessions and their response under abiotic stresses using different approaches

In this investigation, five separate experiments were carried out. The first experiments were examined the molecular characteristics of 59 barley accessions collected from different regions in Iraq using three different molecular markers (ISSR, CDDP, and Scot). A total of 391 amplified polymorphic bands were generated using forty-four ISSR, nine CDDP, and twelve Scot primers, which they totally observed 255, 35, and 101 polymorphic bands respectively. The mean values of PIC for ISSR, CDDP, and Scot markers were 0.74, 0.63, and 0.80, respectively, indicating the efficiency of the underlying markers in detecting polymorphic status among the studied barley accessions. Based on the respective markers, the barley accessions were classified and clustered into two main groups using the UPGMA and population structure analysis. Results of claustral analyses showed that the variation patterns corresponded with the geographical distribution of barley accessions.