Surface eddy kinetic energy variability of the Western North Atlantic slope sea 1993–2016

The Slope Sea is the dynamic ocean region located between the United States and Canadian northeast continental shelves and the northeastward flowing Gulf Stream (GS) located farther offshore. Here we define it as located between the 200-m isobath and the monthly GS sea surface temperature (SST) front from −75° to −55° E. Monthly mean near-surface eddy kinetic energy (EKE) was computed for the Slope Sea using surface geostrophic current anomalies derived from gridded 1993–2016 Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) sea height anomalies. Long-term, monthly mean Slope Sea EKE anomalies show a robust seasonal cycle with a winter (February) minimum and summer (June) maximum. This agrees with both seasonally-varying density stratification and dissipation and also the seasonal variation in the formation of GS WCRs within the Slope Sea. The RMS of the Slope Sea EKE seasonal cycle generally increased after 2002 by a factor of up to ∼2 relative to prior years. The seasonal cycle of Slope Sea EKE displayed higher EKE in the vicinity of the New England Seamount Chain (NESC) that extends towards the shelf break front from approximately −67° E to −63° E. Interannual variability of annual mean near-surface EKE from individual digitized GS warm core ring (WCR) observations from a Bedford Institute of Oceanography (BIO) WCR database is highly correlated with Slope Sea EKE. However, interannual variability of annual mean near-surface EKE computed from a census of all newly formed WCRs displayed only a weak correlation. Many of the WCRs from both the BIO and WCR census displayed anomalously low EKE values and were observed within the northern Slope Sea away from the GS. Some were located inshore of the position of the climatological mean shelf break front. WCRs with higher EKE were located throughout the Slope Sea, with higher numbers in the vicinity of the NESC. The many observations of the less energetic features located close to or inshore of the mean shelf break front suggest they are important to cross-shelf fluxes of heat, salt, nutrients, shelf biota. They therefore likely impact the shelf ecosystem, similar to the more energetic and typical WCRs impacting the outer shelf as discussed by earlier workers.