Lightweight three-party key agreement for V2G networks with physical unclonable function

Electric vehicles (EV) are gradually replacing traditional fuel-based vehicles to reduce carbon emissions and protect the human living environment. EVs can be easily integrated into the smart grid infrastructure, and achieve the rapid demand response of power exchange in the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) ecosystem, and achieve optimal energy allocation. However, it is a challenge to simultaneously solve the security, privacy and efficiency of communication in V2G. To meet this challenge, we propose a three-party key agreement protocol based on Physical Unclonable Function (PUF). The proposed protocol just uses a small amount of XOR operations, PUF functions, and hash functions with low computation cost. It is a truly lightweight and efficient three-party key agreement protocol. It realizes the privacy protection of one-time random pseudonym under the condition that the server only needs to store two pseudonyms. And it also provides a supplementary sub-protocol for pseudonym error conditions to achieve high robustness of the authentication system. Strict security formal proof shows the proposed protocol meets various security requirements. Compared with similar protocol, the proposed protocol reduces the total communication cost by 73% and the computing cost by 79%.