Hollow mushroom nanomaterials for potentiometric sensing of Pb2+ ions in water via the intercalation of iodide ions into the polypyrrole matrix

Herein, the synthesis of a sensor for the determination of lead (Pb2+) ions via the intercalation of iodide ions into the polypyrrole matrix is performed. It demonstrated a Nernstian slope of 31.7 mV/decade, indicating a linear response within the concentration range of 10−5–10−1 M. The detection limit achieved is 9.10−6 M, indicating the sensor’s sensitivity to low concentrations of Pb2+. The effectiveness of the Ppy/I− sensor in Pb2+ sensing is confirmed through cyclic voltammetry, where a peak potential of −0.2 V is observed. The sensitivity of the sensor for Pb2+ detection is measured to be 2 µA/M. Moreover, the Ppy/I− sensor exhibits a negative response to interfering ions, which enhances its selectivity for Pb2+ detection. Furthermore, when tested with natural water samples such as tap or underground water, which are typically free of lead ions, the sensor demonstrates a negative response to normal interfering ions commonly found in such samples. The Ppy/I− sensor offers several advantages, including the ability to detect Pb2+ ions at very low concentrations, a flexible and adaptable design, and a cost-effective preparation technique. These features make it a promising tool for accurate and efficient detection of Pb2+ ions.