Origin and evolution of herbaria in the sixteenth century

The origin of herbaria represented a revolution in the history of botany. An analysis of the earliest herbaria points to Bologna and Ferrara (Italy) as the cradle of this innovation. Ferrara, the seat of the Court of Este, was a hotspot of scientific humanism during the first half of the sixteenth century. Some evidence indicates that the physician and humanist Nicolò Leoniceno played a role in opening the way for this new science. Bologna was likewise a center of diffusion of the ars herbaria and Luca Ghini an undisputed leader. From there, the art of making herbaria spread rapidly in Italy and then throughout Europe. Three herbaria were certainly compiled before 1550, five more were completed or initiated in Italy before 1551, and by the end of the century, more than 20 herbaria had been compiled in Europe. In the earliest herbaria, plants were labeled with the names given by Dioscorides, as these were regarded as the ‘‘correct’’ ones. Starting from the middle of the century, however, several major botanical works were published, each one adopting a different nomenclature. This induced some authors to label their herbarium specimens with a rich synonymy. Herbaria offered an unprecedented opportunity for scientific communication: Dried plant specimens could be sent everywhere, so that any botanist could find out the meaning that colleagues abroad gave to a given plant name. Thus, for the first time in history, herbaria allowed a commonly accepted nomenclature to be established, a prerequisite for the development of a European scientific community.

Graphical Abstract