Exploring pore-scale production characteristics of oil shale after CO2 huff ‘n’ puff in fractured shale with varied permeability

Recent studies have indicated that the injection of carbon dioxide (CO₂) can lead to increased oil recovery in fractured shale reservoirs following natural depletion. Despite advancements in understanding mass exchange processes in subsurface formations, there remains a knowledge gap concerning the disparities in these processes between the matrix and fractures at the pore scale in formations with varying permeability. This study aims to experimentally investigate the CO₂ diffusion behaviors and in situ oil recovery through a CO₂ huff ‘n’ puff process in the Jimsar shale oil reservoir. To achieve this, we designed three matrix-fracture models with different permeabilities (0.074 mD, 0.170 mD, and 0.466 mD) and experimented at 30 MPa and 91 °C. The oil concentration in both the matrix and fracture was monitored using a low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) technique to quantify in situ oil recovery and elucidate mass-exchange behaviors. The results showed that after three cycles of CO₂ huff ‘n’ puff, the total recovery degree increased from 30.28% to 34.95% as the matrix permeability of the core samples increased from 0.074 to 0.466 mD, indicating a positive correlation between CO₂ extraction efficiency and matrix permeability. Under similar fracture conditions, the increase in matrix permeability further promoted CO₂ extraction efficiency during CO₂ huff ‘n’ puff. Specifically, the increase in matrix permeability of the core had the greatest effect on the extraction of the first-cycle injection in large pores, which increased from 16.42% to 36.64%. The findings from our research provide valuable insights into the CO₂ huff ‘n’ puff effects in different pore sizes following fracturing under varying permeability conditions, shedding light on the mechanisms of CO₂-enhanced oil recovery in fractured shale oil reservoirs.