Dose safety and pharmacodynamics of subcutaneous bupivacaine in a novel extended-release microparticle formulation: A phase 1, dose-ascending study in male volunteers

A novel microparticle-based extended-release local anaesthetic containing a bupivacaine/poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA; LIQ865A) or plain bupivacaine (LIQ865B) was examined in a first-in-human trial. The objectives were to examine the dose safety/tolerability and pharmacodynamics. Randomized subcutaneous injections of LIQ865A (n = 16) or LIQ865B (n = 12) and diluent, contralaterally, were administered in a dose-ascending manner (150- to 600-mg bupivacaine). Subjects were admitted 24 h post-injection and followed for 30 days post-injection. The risk ratios (RRs; 95% CI) of erythematous reactions for LIQ865A versus diluent was 9.00 (1.81–52.23; P = 0.006) and for LIQ865B versus diluent 2.50 (0.69–9.94; P = 0.37). The RR for the development of hematomas (LIQ865A versus diluent) were 3.25 (1.52–8.16; P = 0.004) and 4.00 (0.72–24.89; P = 0.32) (LIQ865B versus diluent). Subcutaneous indurations persisting for 4–13 weeks were seen in 6/16 subjects receiving LIQ865A. One subject receiving LIQ865A (600-mg bupivacaine) developed intermittent central nervous system (CNS) symptoms of local anaesthetic systemic toxicity (85 min to 51 h post-injection) coinciding with plasma peak bupivacaine concentrations (490–533 ng/ml). Both LIQ865 formulations demonstrated dose-dependent hypoesthesia and hypoalgesia. The duration of analgesia ranged between 37 and 86 h. The overall number of local adverse events, however, prohibits clinical application without further pharmacological modifications.