Modelling the brittle rock failure by the quaternion-based bonded-particle model in DEM

This paper presents an investigation of brittle rock failure by the quaternion-based bonded-particle model in discrete element method (DEM). Unlike traditional approaches that utilize Euler angles or rotation matrices, this model employs unit quaternions to represent the spatial rotations of particles. This method simplifies the representation of 3D rotations, providing a more intuitive framework for modelling complex interactions in granular materials. The numerical model was validated by the uniaxial compression tests on rock, with good agreement with well-documented experimental data in terms of the rock uniaxial compression strength (UCS) and failure mode. During loading, the rock sample demonstrated a linear-elastic response at an axial strain of smaller than 0.45%. However, as internal bond breakage accumulated, this linear relationship weakened, and the stress-strain curve began to deviate from its initial linear trajectory. The bond breakage and the overall deformation of the rock were primarily controlled by the shear bonding force. The UCS was achieved at an axial strain of 0.625%, at which point the internal shear bonding force chains were predominantly aligned vertically. The brittle failure occurred when the internal damage of solids nucleated to form an interconnected failure plane, accompanied by a sharp rise in the internal damage ratio. The area of failure plane increased with the loading strain rate, gradually transforming the failure pattern from the local damage to a complete fragmentation.