A remote sensing assessment of oak forest recovery after postfire restoration

Mediterranean Europe is experiencing a rise in severe wildfires, resulting in growing socioeconomic and ecological impacts. Postfire restoration has become a crucial approach to mitigate these impacts and promote ecosystem recovery. However, the ecological effects of such interventions are still not well understood. We employed remote sensing techniques to evaluate the impact of postfire emergency stabilization on the recovery of deciduous oak forests in Portugal. Our study encompassed 3013 sampling points located in areas with and without postfire interventions. We chose the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as an indicator of oak forest recovery over a four-year period following wildfires that took place in 2016 and 2017. We used a Generalized Additive Mixed Model (GAMM) to assess how NDVI changed over time as a function of postfire restoration, fire characteristics, topography, and postfire drought events. We found that postfire restoration had a significant positive effect on NDVI recovery over time, although this effect was small. Severe drought and fire recurrence up to six fires had a negative effect on the recovery of NDVI. Conversely, severe wetness and either low or high burn severities had a positive effect on recovery. Our study emphasizes the importance of monitoring postfire restoration effects on forest recovery to guide restoration planning and improve forest management in burned areas. This becomes even more relevant under increased wildfire severity predicted for the Mediterranean region interacting with other climate-driven disturbances, which will further negatively affect forest recovery.