Globalization's influence on previously established risk and protective markers of physical intimate partner violence perpetration: A meta-regression

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a prevalent issue impacting women around the world. Researchers have explored risk and protective markers associated with physical IPV in attempt to better understand and prevent IPV. This study builds on this work by examining how level of globalization, a macrosystem factor, impacts the strength of risk and protective markers for male physical IPV perpetration that have been previously identified by researchers. Our primary findings suggest that level of globalization, a macrosystem factor, influences the strength of the association between physical IPV perpetration and risk and protective markers on various ecological system levels. Lower levels of globalization was associated with the strengthening of child abuse victimization, witnessing parental IPV, emotional IPV perpetration, sexual IPV perpetration, and alcohol use as risk marker of physical IPV perpetration. Lower levels of globalization was also associated with the strengthening of older age and relationship satisfaction as protective factors against physical IPV perpetration.