Virtual reality natural experiences for mental health: comparing the effects between different immersion levels

Virtual nature is an innovative approach for promoting mental health. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects on mental health outcomes between two immersion levels of virtual reality natural experiences. The study design was a cluster trial. Healthy adults were allocated to two experimental groups. Identical pre-recorded 360° videos of natural scenes and sounds were played on the two virtual reality devices, one with a higher immersive level via a head-mounted display and the other one with a lower immersive level via a smartphone. The intervention was conducted for 30 min per session, once a week for 12 weeks. Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires at the baseline and post-intervention. In total, 54 participants completed the interventions. A significantly greater effect was revealed on improving happiness, self-rated health, and physical, mental, social, and environmental quality of life, and ameliorating distress, depression, and somatization in participants who experienced the higher immersive level compared to participants who experienced the lower immersive level. Virtual reality natural experiences with high immersion are recommended to promote mental health.