A comprehensive review on speed breeding methods and applications

To meet the rising requirement for food production, by 2050, it is necessary to increase global production two-fold, necessitating the growth of new crop varieties. However, this process is time-consuming, largely determined by the crop's generation period. To address this challenge, Speed Breeding (SB) technology leverages controlled environmental conditions to accelerate plant development, allowing for the multiplication of many generations per year. SB also allows for the integration of advanced protocols such as gene editing, phenotyping, and genotyping accelerating crop improvement. SB has been effectively applied to various crops, including cereals, pulses and canola crops, producing 4–6 generations in a year. With its application to a wide range of crops and lower labor requirements than breeding methods, SB offers a practical and efficient option for crops with large populations. Speed breeding has come up as a highly efficient and potent method for rapidly developing new plant varieties. Notable successes have been achieved in crops like cereals, oilseed and vegetables where new cultivars have been developed with desirable attributes such as more protein content, disease resistance, salt tolerance and drought tolerance. Overall, speed breeding offers an accessible and transformative option for crop improvement, which will definitely help in global agricultural demand and mitigate the result of climate alteration on agriculture. This review provides a glance of SB's activities across various crops and its significance in the current context of crop improvement.