Tryggvi Unnsteinsson, Gwenn E. Flowers, Glyn Williams-Jones
{"title":"用分析和数值模型探讨冰川火山空洞的形成和持续性","authors":"Tryggvi Unnsteinsson, Gwenn E. Flowers, Glyn Williams-Jones","doi":"10.1017/jog.2024.8","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>One fifth of Earth's volcanoes are covered by snow or ice and many have active geothermal systems that interact with the overlying ice. These glaciovolcanic interactions can melt voids into glaciers, and are subject to controls exerted by ice dynamics and geothermal heat output. Glaciovolcanic voids have been observed to form prior to volcanic eruptions, which raised concerns when such features were discovered within Job Glacier on <span>Qw̓elqw̓elústen</span> (Mount Meager Volcanic Complex), British Columbia, Canada. In this study we model the formation, evolution, and steady-state morphology of glaciovolcanic voids using analytical and numerical models. Analytical steady-state void geometries show cave height limited to one quarter of the ice thickness, while numerical model results suggest the void height <span>h</span> scales with ice thickness <span>H</span> and geothermal heat flux <span><span><span data-mathjax-type=\"texmath\"><span>$\\dot {Q}$</span></span><img data-mimesubtype=\"png\" data-type=\"\" src=\"https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20240224103735917-0112:S002214302400008X:S002214302400008X_inline1.png\"/></span></span> as <span><span><span data-mathjax-type=\"texmath\"><span>$h/H = a H^b \\dot {Q}^c$</span></span><img data-mimesubtype=\"png\" data-type=\"\" src=\"https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20240224103735917-0112:S002214302400008X:S002214302400008X_inline2.png\"/></span></span>, with exponents <span>b</span> = −<span>n</span>/2 and <span>c</span> = 1/2 where <span>n</span> is the creep exponent. Applying this scaling to the glaciovolcanic voids within Job Glacier suggests the potential for total geothermal heat flux in excess of 10 MW. Our results show that relative changes in ice thickness are more influential in glaciovolcanic void formation and evolution than relative changes in geothermal heat flux.</p>","PeriodicalId":15981,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Glaciology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8000,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Formation and persistence of glaciovolcanic voids explored with analytical and numerical models\",\"authors\":\"Tryggvi Unnsteinsson, Gwenn E. Flowers, Glyn Williams-Jones\",\"doi\":\"10.1017/jog.2024.8\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p>One fifth of Earth's volcanoes are covered by snow or ice and many have active geothermal systems that interact with the overlying ice. These glaciovolcanic interactions can melt voids into glaciers, and are subject to controls exerted by ice dynamics and geothermal heat output. Glaciovolcanic voids have been observed to form prior to volcanic eruptions, which raised concerns when such features were discovered within Job Glacier on <span>Qw̓elqw̓elústen</span> (Mount Meager Volcanic Complex), British Columbia, Canada. In this study we model the formation, evolution, and steady-state morphology of glaciovolcanic voids using analytical and numerical models. Analytical steady-state void geometries show cave height limited to one quarter of the ice thickness, while numerical model results suggest the void height <span>h</span> scales with ice thickness <span>H</span> and geothermal heat flux <span><span><span data-mathjax-type=\\\"texmath\\\"><span>$\\\\dot {Q}$</span></span><img data-mimesubtype=\\\"png\\\" data-type=\\\"\\\" src=\\\"https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20240224103735917-0112:S002214302400008X:S002214302400008X_inline1.png\\\"/></span></span> as <span><span><span data-mathjax-type=\\\"texmath\\\"><span>$h/H = a H^b \\\\dot {Q}^c$</span></span><img data-mimesubtype=\\\"png\\\" data-type=\\\"\\\" src=\\\"https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20240224103735917-0112:S002214302400008X:S002214302400008X_inline2.png\\\"/></span></span>, with exponents <span>b</span> = −<span>n</span>/2 and <span>c</span> = 1/2 where <span>n</span> is the creep exponent. Applying this scaling to the glaciovolcanic voids within Job Glacier suggests the potential for total geothermal heat flux in excess of 10 MW. Our results show that relative changes in ice thickness are more influential in glaciovolcanic void formation and evolution than relative changes in geothermal heat flux.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":15981,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal of Glaciology\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.8000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-02-26\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal of Glaciology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"89\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2024.8\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"地球科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Glaciology","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2024.8","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
Formation and persistence of glaciovolcanic voids explored with analytical and numerical models
One fifth of Earth's volcanoes are covered by snow or ice and many have active geothermal systems that interact with the overlying ice. These glaciovolcanic interactions can melt voids into glaciers, and are subject to controls exerted by ice dynamics and geothermal heat output. Glaciovolcanic voids have been observed to form prior to volcanic eruptions, which raised concerns when such features were discovered within Job Glacier on Qw̓elqw̓elústen (Mount Meager Volcanic Complex), British Columbia, Canada. In this study we model the formation, evolution, and steady-state morphology of glaciovolcanic voids using analytical and numerical models. Analytical steady-state void geometries show cave height limited to one quarter of the ice thickness, while numerical model results suggest the void height h scales with ice thickness H and geothermal heat flux $\dot {Q}$ as $h/H = a H^b \dot {Q}^c$, with exponents b = −n/2 and c = 1/2 where n is the creep exponent. Applying this scaling to the glaciovolcanic voids within Job Glacier suggests the potential for total geothermal heat flux in excess of 10 MW. Our results show that relative changes in ice thickness are more influential in glaciovolcanic void formation and evolution than relative changes in geothermal heat flux.
期刊介绍:
Journal of Glaciology publishes original scientific articles and letters in any aspect of glaciology- the study of ice. Studies of natural, artificial, and extraterrestrial ice and snow, as well as interactions between ice, snow and the atmospheric, oceanic and subglacial environment are all eligible. They may be based on field work, remote sensing, laboratory investigations, theoretical analysis or numerical modelling, or may report on newly developed glaciological instruments. Subjects covered recently in the Journal have included palaeoclimatology and the chemistry of the atmosphere as revealed in ice cores; theoretical and applied physics and chemistry of ice; the dynamics of glaciers and ice sheets, and changes in their extent and mass under climatic forcing; glacier energy balances at all scales; glacial landforms, and glaciers as geomorphic agents; snow science in all its aspects; ice as a host for surface and subglacial ecosystems; sea ice, icebergs and lake ice; and avalanche dynamics and other glacial hazards to human activity. Studies of permafrost and of ice in the Earth’s atmosphere are also within the domain of the Journal, as are interdisciplinary applications to engineering, biological, and social sciences, and studies in the history of glaciology.