美国大陆大尺度优先流的特征

IF 2.5 3区地球科学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Vadose Zone Journal Pub Date : 2024-02-25 DOI:10.1002/vzj2.20316

Leah Kocian, Binayak P. Mohanty

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引用次数: 0

摘要

了解大尺度的优先流（PF）对于改善土地管理和地下水（GW）质量至关重要。然而，由于土壤表面的异质性和观测条件的限制，对这一过程的了解有限，阻碍了研究的进展。在本研究中，我们建议通过研究有效孔隙度对土壤水分（SM）分布和浅层地下水（SGW）水位波动（深度 5 米）的影响，估算遥感足迹尺度（4-9 千米）上的有效孔隙度。有效 PF 包括影响 SGW 地下水位波动的大孔隙、漏斗和指状水流途径。我们通过美国地质调查局汇编了 19 个美国大陆（CONUS）站点的每日 SGW 观测数据（2019-2021 年）。利用 HYDRUS-1D 中的反演模型、SGW 数据以及气候灾害组红外降水和站点数据降水，我们反演估算了双孔隙模型（DPM）的土壤水力参数，该模型模拟了从土壤表面到地下的垂直流动。有效的 PF 存在是通过三个标准来推断的：(1) 日降水量等于或超过特定地点多年（校准）平均值；(2) 每日观测到的 SGW 表增加；(3) 观测到的 SGW 表与 DPM 模拟的 SGW 表之间的日差为特定地点均方根误差的 50%。利用优化的 DPM 参数和相关土壤质地、分类的 PF 事件以及基于卫星的土壤水分主动被动（SMAP L3E）SM，采用 10 倍交叉验证的随机森林算法预测了大规模有效 PF 事件。结果表明，PF 事件与季节有关，春季发生率最高。随机森林模型预测大尺度 PF 事件的准确率达到 98%，其中 SMAP SM 和饱和导水率 (Ks) 是影响最大的四个变量。我们的方法提供了一种基于土壤水力特性、场地特征、土壤质地和遥感的通用工具，用于分析大规模有效 PF。

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Characterizing large‐scale preferential flow across Continental United States

Understanding preferential flow (PF) at large scales is critical for improving land management and groundwater (GW) quality. However, limited knowledge of this process, due to soil surface heterogeneity and observational constraints, hampers progress. In this study, we propose estimating effective PF at remote sensing footprint scale (4–9 km) by examining its impact on soil moisture (SM) distribution and shallow groundwater (SGW) table fluctuations (depth 5 m). Effective PF encompasses macropore, funnel, and finger flow pathways influencing SGW table fluctuations. We compiled daily SGW observations (2019–2021) from 19 Continental United States (CONUS) sites through United States Geological Survey. Using inverse modeling in HYDRUS‐1D, SGW data, and climate hazards group infrared precipitation with station data precipitation, we inversely estimated soil hydraulic parameters of the dual‐porosity model (DPM) simulating vertical flow from soil surface to subsurface. Effective PF presence was inferred using three criteria: (1) daily precipitation equal to or exceeding the site‐specific average across multiple (calibration) years, (2) daily observed SGW table increase, and (3) daily difference between observed and DPM simulated SGW tables 50% of the site‐specific root mean square error. Leveraging optimized DPM parameters and associated soil texture, classified PF events, and soil moisture active passive (SMAP L3E) satellite‐based SM, a random forest algorithm with 10‐fold cross validation predicted large‐scale effective PF events. Results indicate seasonal dependence, with spring having the highest occurrence of PF events. The random forest model achieved 98% accuracy in predicting large‐scale PF events, with SMAP SM and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) among the four most impactful variables. Our approach provides a soil hydraulic property, site characteristic, soil texture, and remote sensing‐based generalized tool to analyze large‐scale effective PF.

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来源期刊

Vadose Zone Journal 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

5.60

自引率

7.10%

发文量

审稿时长

3.8 months

期刊介绍： Vadose Zone Journal is a unique publication outlet for interdisciplinary research and assessment of the vadose zone, the portion of the Critical Zone that comprises the Earth’s critical living surface down to groundwater. It is a peer-reviewed, international journal publishing reviews, original research, and special sections across a wide range of disciplines. Vadose Zone Journal reports fundamental and applied research from disciplinary and multidisciplinary investigations, including assessment and policy analyses, of the mostly unsaturated zone between the soil surface and the groundwater table. The goal is to disseminate information to facilitate science-based decision-making and sustainable management of the vadose zone. Examples of topic areas suitable for VZJ are variably saturated fluid flow, heat and solute transport in granular and fractured media, flow processes in the capillary fringe at or near the water table, water table management, regional and global climate change impacts on the vadose zone, carbon sequestration, design and performance of waste disposal facilities, long-term stewardship of contaminated sites in the vadose zone, biogeochemical transformation processes, microbial processes in shallow and deep formations, bioremediation, and the fate and transport of radionuclides, inorganic and organic chemicals, colloids, viruses, and microorganisms. Articles in VZJ also address yet-to-be-resolved issues, such as how to quantify heterogeneity of subsurface processes and properties, and how to couple physical, chemical, and biological processes across a range of spatial scales from the molecular to the global.