Potential Impact of Wintertime Arctic on the Subsequent Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in the Tropical Eastern Pacific

Despite extratropical forcing has been recognized as important factors modulating the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) properties on the interannual time scale, little is known about whether and how Arctic forcing changes the tropical sea surface temperature (SST). The current study reveals a significant link between the net surface sensible heat flux (SHF) in the Arctic and the SST anomalies in the tropical eastern Pacific (TEP). Specifically, anomalous upward SHF into the Arctic atmosphere in February leads to a warmer TEP in the subsequent spring and summer. A northeast-southwest-tilted North Pacific Oscillation-like atmospheric pattern associated with the upward Arctic SHF anomaly induces SST cooling in the subtropical North Pacific via positive Wind-Evaporation-SST feedback, which further promotes TEP SST warming via meridional heat advection, thermocline feedback, and nonlinear processes. The spring-to-summer TEP SST anomalies driven by the preceding anomalous Arctic SHF hence potentially modulate the seasonal evolution of ENSO. Our finding implies that we should take into account the Arctic-tropics linkages when comprehensively understanding the ENSO variability and improving ENSO projection skills.