陆地文化景观改变了近岸海洋生态系统:夏威夷群岛卡维拉丘遗址八个世纪的贝类捕捞活动

Ashleigh J Rogers, Marshall I Weisler
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摘要

通过陌生的、有时是边缘化的环境,太平洋岛屿的成功殖民依赖于引进驯化的动植物,以及大面积的焚烧,以减少森林和低地植被用于农业生产。这些变化导致鸟类灭绝、森林减少、大面积斜坡侵蚀和沉积到山谷和海岸线。迄今为止,人类引起的陆地景观变化最受关注。在本文中,我们介绍了深层沿海 Kawela 土丘的考古学结果,该土丘是夏威夷群岛最古老的居住遗址之一,从公元 12 世纪开始有人居住。我们描述了陆地景观的人为变化是如何导致沉积物径流、海岸线浊度增加以及邻近海岸线的陡峭改变海洋栖息地的,这在近八个世纪以来收获的食用贝类的多样性、大小和栖息地偏好方面都有记录。沿海岸线建造的古代石墙鱼塘为贝类提供了一个人工岩石栖息地,否则在沙质海岸上是不常见的。因此,含有这些贝类的 AMS 测定层为确定石墙鱼塘的年代提供了一个间接的途径,石墙鱼塘的建造是在精英的领导下进行的,因此是 18 世纪晚期接触之前的最后两个世纪中社会复杂性不断提高的标志之一。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Terrestrial cultural landscapes changed inshore marine ecosystems: Eight centuries of shellfish harvesting from the Kawela Mound site, Hawaiian Islands
Through unfamiliar and at times marginal environments, successful colonisation of the Pacific Islands relied upon the introduction of domesticated flora and fauna as well as widespread burning to reduce forests and lowland vegetation for agricultural production. These transformations led to the extinction of avifauna, the reduction of forests, and extensive slope erosion and sedimentation into valleys and along shorelines. To date, most attention has been paid to human-induced changes to the terrestrial landscape. In this paper we present the archaeomalacological results from the deeply stratified coastal Kawela Mound, one of the oldest habitation sites in the Hawaiian Islands, with occupation beginning during the 12th century AD. We describe how anthropogenic change of the terrestrial landscape caused sediment run-off, increased shoreline turbidity, and progradation of the adjacent shoreline altering marine habitats, which is recorded in the diversity, size, and habitat preference of food shellfish harvested over nearly eight centuries. The construction of ancient stone-walled fishponds along the littoral shore provided an artificial rocky habitat for shellfish otherwise uncommon along the sandy coast. Consequently, AMS dated layers containing these shellfish provide an indirect avenue for determining the chronology of stone-walled fishponds, the construction of which was directed under the aegis of elites and thus one of the hallmarks of increasing social complexity during the last two centuries before Contact in the late 18th century.
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