Development and validation of a food frequency questionnaire to assess habitual iodine intake among women of childbearing age

Background

Adequate iodine status is critical for thyroid hormone synthesis, which is essential for foetal brain development. Suboptimal iodine status has been reported in young women across Europe. Although urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is a good indicator of recent exposure, it does not reflect habitual iodine intake. This study aimed to develop and validate an iodine-specific food frequency questionnaire (I-FFQ) to assess habitual intake in Irish women aged 18−50 years.

Methods

A 47-item interviewer-administered I-FFQ, informed by national food consumption data on Irish women aged 18–35 years, was developed and validated in a study of 100 nonpregnant women using a 4-day weighed food diary (FD) and UIC as the reference methods. Correlation, cross-classification and Bland–Altman analyses were used to assess agreement and bias between the I-FFQ and FD. Validity coefficients were calculated using the method of triads.

Results

Median (interquartile range [IQR]) UIC was 82 (49, 139) µg/L. Median (IQR) intakes were 161 (106, 217) and 133 (98, 182) µg/day for the I-FFQ and FD, respectively (p = 0.001). Estimates were moderately correlated (r = 0.434), and the I-FFQ classified 89% of participants into the same or adjacent tertile of intake as the FD. Validity coefficients for the I-FFQ, FD and UIC were 0.542, 0.800 and 0.228, respectively. Though repeatability analyses 10 weeks later (n = 69) showed slight differences in estimates of intake (I-FFQ1: 164 (104, 210) µg/day; I-FFQ2: 132 (67, 237) µg/day), intakes were highly correlated between administrations (r = 0.627, p = 0.001).

Conclusions

The I-FFQ provides a reasonable estimate of habitual iodine intake in young women.