加利福尼亚州圣华金河谷与空气污染有关的不良呼吸系统健康后果:2016 年急诊科和医院相关记录提供的证据

Gilda Zarate-Gonzalez, Ricardo Cisneros, H. Gharibi, Paul Brown
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摘要

简介:加州圣华金河谷(SJV)一直被认为是美国空气污染最严重的地区之一。尽管达到了联邦和州的标准,但圣华金河谷的每日 PM2.5 浓度一直处于未达标状态,8 小时臭氧浓度处于极度未达标状态,二氧化氮处于达标状态。方法:采用流行病学时间分层病例交叉设计,估算暴露于二氧化氮、臭氧、PM2.5 与哮喘和上呼吸道感染(URIs)不良健康后果之间的关系。该研究比较了每个病例在有限时间间隔内的污染物暴露效应,并根据季节性进行了调整。研究结果三种标准室外空气污染物浓度的升高与澳门博彩的网站各年龄段哮喘和 URI 相关的急诊室就诊和住院人数增加有关。在滞后期 1,暴露于二氧化氮会使急诊就诊几率增加 2.4%(95% CI:1.017, 1.031)。滞后期 2、3、4、5、7、9 和 14 在统计学上有显著意义。在温暖季节,立即暴露于 O3 后,ED 就诊几率略微增加了 0.3% (95% CI:1.000, 1.006)。在寒冷季节,除滞后期 4 和 12 外,PM2.5 估计值在所有滞后期均有显著意义。累积暴露于PM2.5后,两周滞后期使急诊室就诊几率增加28%(95% CI:1.218,1.345),住院几率增加16.5%(95% CI:1.009,1.345)。讨论:研究结果表明,尽管达到了联邦污染物标准,但由于二氧化氮暴露量的增加,南澳大利亚州居民的健康受到了不利影响。结论:本研究提供了有关三种标准空气污染物和不良健康结果对圣荷西地区影响的新证据。空气质量监管机构和公共卫生管理机构应考虑修订区域污染物阈值和地方公共卫生战略,以防止在短期和长期暴露于空气污染期间出现不良健康后果。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Air pollution related adverse respiratory health outcomes in California’s San Joaquin Valley: evidence from 2016 linked emergency department and hospital Records
Introduction: The San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California has been consistently identified as having one of the highest levels of air pollution in the US. Despite federal and state standards, the SJV has been in non-attainment status for daily PM2.5 concentrations, extreme non-attainment for 8-hour O3 levels, and attainment for NO2. Methods: An epidemiological time-stratified case-crossover design was used to estimate the relationship between exposure to NO2, O3, PM2.5 and adverse health outcomes in asthma and upper respiratory infections (URIs). This study compared pollutant exposure effects for each case during limited time intervals and adjusted for seasonality. Results: Elevated concentrations of three criteria outdoor air pollutants are associated with increased asthma and URI-related ED visits and hospitalizations in the SJV for all ages. NO2 exposure increased the odds of having an ED visit by 2.4% in lag 1 (95% CI: 1.017, 1.031). Lags 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, and 14 were statistically significant. O3 modestly increased the odds of ED visits by 0.3% (95% CI:1.000, 1.006) after immediate exposure in the warm season. In the cold season, PM2.5 estimates were significant for all lags except for lags 4 and 12. The two-week lag increased the odds by 28% (95% CI:1.218, 1.345) for ED visits, and 16.5% (95% CI:1.009, 1.345) increased the odds of being hospitalized after cumulative exposure to PM2.5. Discussion: Findings suggest that SJV residents experience adverse health effects due to elevated exposure to NO2 despite attainment of federal pollutant standards. Conclusion: This study provides new evidence about the effects of three criteria air pollutants and adverse health outcomes in the SJV region. The air quality regulatory and public health governing bodies should consider revisions to regional pollutant thresholds and local public health strategies to prevent adverse health outcomes during short and prolonged periods of air pollution exposure.
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