Achieving Sustainability: Energy and Emission Metrics in the European Union, Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Poland and Romania’s Fossil Fuel-dependent Transportation

Given the transport sector’s significant contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions and pollution, sustainable transportation is essential in mitigating climate change and environmental degradation. This study examines the final energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from fuel combustion in the transport sector of the European Union (EU), Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Poland, and Romania. It aims to offer a concrete tool for assessing the impact of transport on emissions by employing a quantitative analysis and ordinary least squares (OLS) models. Only the EU, Hungary and Romania’s results met the assumptions necessary for a valid linear regression model, thus elucidating the complex relationships between the analysed indicators.