Thymic en-bloc resection with veins: case demonstrations and review of the literature.

Locally invasive thymic neoplasms are challenging clinical scenarios and typically require a multidisciplinary approach. The involvement of major mediastinal veins such as the superior vena cava (SVC) used to be a contraindication to surgery, but with improved surgical technique and outcomes, this paradigm has shifted. In some situations, complex resections and reconstructions may be indicated and required to improve the long-term outcome of these patients. We report two of our cases along with a current review of literature. We also describe the preoperative workup, operative techniques, postoperative management, complications, and outcomes of patients with invasive thymic neoplasms that involve the mediastinal veins. Our first case describes a patient who was diagnosed with a thymoma extending from the diaphragm to the base of the neck that was also encasing major vascular structures including the SVC and left innominate vein. Our second case describes a patient who was also diagnosed with a large anterior mediastinal mass encasing the great veins and invading the chest wall. We describe the management of these patients and then delve deeper into operative techniques including SVC resection and reconstruction. We describe the types of conduits that can be used and complications to be mindful of when clamping the great veins, such as the SVC. Improvements in conduit materials and neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies over the years have made it more feasible for patients with invasive thymic neoplasms to undergo surgery.