Fluid-induced metamorphism and deformation at the eastern boundary of the Sveconorwegian Province

The Sveconorwegian orogen in Scandinavia and the Grenville orogen in Canada are both remnants of large and hot orogens that formed part of the supercontinent Rodinia around 1 billion years ago. Formerly deeply buried portions of crust in these orogens are exposed and offer insights into the tectonic dynamics of the basement within large orogens. The Eastern Segment of the Sveconorwegian Province hosts a ~30 000 km2 crustal portion that was buried to c. 40 km depth at a late stage of the orogeny, 980–960 Ma ago, and is bound towards the foreland in the east by a ~25 km wide zone of step anastomosing deformation, the Frontal wedge. This zone represents the outermost ductile deformation that developed within the crystalline basement in the orogen. We investigated a heterogeneously deformed and recrystallised syenodiorite with the aim to understand the character of the deformation-related metamorphism within the Frontal wedge. Field relations, microtextures, and mineral reactions show that the metamorphic recrystallisation was governed by hydrous fluid infiltration along the ductile deformation zones. Equilibrium was attained on a millimetre scale only and metamorphic recrystallisation was dependent on the introduction of hydrous fluid. The metamorphism reached high-pressure epidote-amphibolite-facies; geothermobarometric estimates suggest 540–600 °C and 9–12 kbar. Metamorphic zircon formed during the breakdown of Zr-bearing igneous phases, primarily baddeleyite. SIMS U–Pb analyses of igneous zircon and baddeleyite date the igneous crystallisation of the syenodiorite at 1230 ± 6 Ma. Metamorphic zircon grains are <20 μm and too small for precise dating, but yielded ages around 1 Ga. Collectively, the metamorphic data indicate that subvertical movements along steep planes within the Frontal wedge allowed for the regional-scale tectonic burial to ~40 km depth of the Eastern Segment to the west. Some of the same steep deformation structures were re-utilised as discrete movement planes during later exhumation.