A novel energy-aware method for clustering and routing in IoT based on whale optimization algorithm & Harris Hawks optimization

Smart objects in the Internet of Things (IoT) communicate with one another, gather information, and respond to users requests. In these systems, wireless sensors are used to collect data and monitor the environment at the lowest level. In IoT applications, wireless sensor networks play a pivotal role. Since IoT devices often use batteries, efficiency is important to them such that IoT-related standards and research efforts focus more on energy saving or conservation. In this paper, we have used two meta-heuristics algorithm for clustering and routing in IoT. We cluster the network using a clustering method called WOA-clustering based on the meta-heuristic Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) and select the optimal cluster heads. We then use a routing method called HHO-Routing based on the Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO) algorithm, a novel meta-heuristic algorithm, to route the cluster heads to BS. The use of the above methods results in reduced power consumption for reaching the base station (BS). Also, to prove the optimal performance of the proposed methods, these methods were simulated and compared with five different methods in a similar context. It was observed that the consumed energy, the number of survival cycles for the death of the first node, and the data transmission rate were improved. The proposed method is simulated in cooja simulator, and for a more accurate evaluation, we compare it with UCCGRA, PSO-SD, PUDCRP, EECRA, EEMRP algorithms. We see that the proposed method performs better than other methods in terms of energy consumption and network lifespan.