苏联为防止匈牙利在第二次世界大战中与德国结盟所做的外交努力(1939-1941 年)

IF 0.2 Q4 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
V. F. Pryakhin
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引用次数: 0

摘要

从建立外交关系到匈牙利与轴心国一起参加第二次世界大战期间,苏匈互动的历史为我们了解小国与大国之间的动态关系,以及欧洲小国(尤其是匈牙利)在纳粹德国的蚕食下如何在外交政策中维护本国利益提供了宝贵的视角。这一时期主要由两个因素决定:以米克洛什-霍西(Miklós Horthy)为首的匈牙利政治精英试图加入针对共产国际苏维埃俄国的准 "十字军东征",同时努力避免深度卷入大国之间的重大冲突。这种双重策略与希特勒的西方绥靖主义者的政策不谋而合,后者旨在重新引导德国向东扩张。在这种地缘政治形势下,美国和西欧国家(包括英国和法国)只能充当观察者的角色,因为他们预计纳粹德国和苏联之间的长期冲突会耗尽双方的力量。布达佩斯制定的战略是,匈牙利希望在这些观察员中占据一席之地,避免直接参与冲突,并在二战后进行领土重组。然而,到 20 世纪 40 年代初,欧洲的现实情况发生了重大变化,西方列强(美国和英国)无法改变希特勒向东称霸全球的野心。面对生存威胁,这些大国不得不参战。在此背景下,苏联外交努力阻止匈牙利与纳粹德国结盟。尽管这些外交努力最终没有取得成功,但在当前世界向多极化演变的背景下,对这些外交努力的研究为我们提供了宝贵的经验。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Soviet Diplomatic Efforts to Prevent Hungary’s Alignment with Germany in World War II (1939– 1941)
The history of Soviet-Hungarian interactions from the establishment of diplomatic relations until Hungary joined World War II alongside the Axis powers offers valuable insights into the dynamics between small and great powers, as well as the efforts of small European states, particularly Hungary, to navigate their national interests in foreign policy amidst Nazi Germany's encroachments. This period was defined by two primary factors: the Hungarian political elite, led by Miklós Horthy, sought to join a quasi-"crusade" against Comintern Soviet Russia, while simultaneously striving to avoid deep involvement in major conflicts between the great powers. This dual approach aligned with the policies of Hitler's Western appeasers, who aimed to redirect German expansion eastward. In this geopolitical scenario, American and Western European actors (including Great Britain and France) were relegated to the role of observers, anticipating a prolonged conflict between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union that would drain both. Hungary, as strategized by Budapest, hoped to secure a position among these observers, avoiding direct conflict participation, and to later engage in territorial reconfiguration post-World War II. However, the reality in Europe by the early 1940s diverged significantly, with Western powers (the USA and Great Britain) unable to redirect Hitler's global domination ambitions eastward. Facing an existential threat, these powers were compelled to enter the war. Against this backdrop, Soviet diplomacy endeavored to deter Hungary's alliance with Nazi Germany. Although ultimately unsuccessful, examining these diplomatic efforts offers valuable lessons in the context of the current evolution towards a multipolar world. 
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来源期刊
MGIMO Review of International Relations
MGIMO Review of International Relations INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS-
CiteScore
0.60
自引率
0.00%
发文量
46
审稿时长
12 weeks
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