代理、保护和惩罚:1530-1680 年新西班牙殖民早期至中期妇女的分离存款经历

Genealogy Pub Date : 2024-01-23 DOI:10.3390/genealogy8010011
Jacqueline Holler
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引用次数: 0

摘要

在新西班牙殖民地多样化的多民族环境中,妇女在摆脱她们认为无法忍受的婚姻时面临着挑战。天主教会对殖民地的婚姻定义行使霸权,控制着永久、正式分居或 "教会离婚 "的途径,而世俗法院提供的短期分居通常旨在使夫妻团聚。在这些选择之外,逃婚、隐匿、重婚或 "自我离婚 "是妇女试图摆脱无法维持的关系的唯一办法。众所周知,寻求教会离婚的妇女很少(获准离婚的妇女更少),但很明显,许多妇女通过正式和非正式途径寻求分居。本文利用教会的离婚申请,研究了新西班牙分居妇女的存款(depósito)经历。存款很可能是妇女提出离婚申请的主要目的。此外,婚姻的霸权在现实中没有在意识形态中那么彻底;殖民地的单身女性人数众多,她们的关系网也非常庞大。基于伯德和梅格德对分居和单身的见解,本文认为,对存款的研究揭示了一种习俗,这种习俗为各个阶层的妇女提供了很大程度的喘息机会和分居代理权,尤其是在殖民地早期,当时的制度选择还不太正规。有时,"寄存 "允许长时间的分离,使分离变得模糊不清,而在其他时候,它又是一个重要的安全阀。然而,这种做法也是丈夫们试图行使权力和控制的一个有争议的领域。因此,在拉丁美洲,存款是一种非常矛盾的 "分离 "形式。这在早期殖民时期和之后无疑都是如此,但随着殖民社会的成熟,制度性的存款变得更加可能和普遍,男性的权力也得到了加强。因此,对 17 世纪晚期之前的做法进行研究,可以揭示早期殖民社会流变赋予女性代理权的一些方式。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Agency, Protection, and Punishment: Separating Women’s Experiences of Deposit in Early to Mid-Colonial New Spain, 1530–1680
In the diverse multiethnic setting of colonial New Spain, women faced challenges in separating themselves from marriages they considered unendurable. The Catholic Church, which exercised hegemony over definitions of marriage in the colony, controlled access to permanent, formal separation or “ecclesiastical divorce”, while secular courts offered shorter-term separations generally aimed at reunifying couples. Outside of these options, flight, concealment, and bigamy, or “self-divorce,” offered the only recourse for women seeking to leave an untenable relationship. While it is well known that few women sought (and even fewer were granted) ecclesiastical divorce, it is clear that many women sought separation through formal and informal means. Using ecclesiastical petitions for divorce, this paper investigates the experience of deposit (depósito) for New Spain’s separated women. Deposit was likely a primary goal of women’s divorce petitions. Moreover, the hegemony of marriage was less complete in reality than in ideology; the number of single women in the colony is now known to be vast, and their networks substantial. Building on Bird’s and Megged’s insights on separation and singleness, this paper argues that studying deposit reveals a custom that offered women of all classes a substantial degree of respite and agency in separation, particularly in the early colony, when institutional options were less formalized. Sometimes, depósito permitted lengthy separations that blurred into permanency, while at other times it served as a crucial safety valve. Nonetheless, the practice was a contested terrain on which husbands also sought to exercise power and control. Deposit, therefore, was a highly ambivalent form of “separation” in Latin America. This was undoubtedly true both in the early-colonial period and thereafter, but as colonial society matured and institutional deposit became more possible and common, men’s power was enhanced. Studying the practice before the late seventeenth century therefore reveals some of the ways that early colonial societal flux authorized female agency.
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