电解氢可再生供应的时间调节

E. Zeyen, Iegor Riepin, Tom Brown
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摘要

在需要原料、还原剂、高密度燃料或高温的行业中,使用可再生电力生产的电解氢有助于降低二氧化碳排放量。本研究调查了为证明所使用的电网电力为可再生能源而提出的各种标准的影响。这些标准在时间和空间上严格匹配可再生能源发电与电解槽需求的程度各不相同。利用能源系统模型,我们对电力采购策略进行了比较,以满足选定欧洲国家在 2025 年和 2030 年对氢的恒定需求。我们将不采购额外可再生能源发电机的情况与电解槽需求与当地可再生能源发电机每年、每月或每小时额外供应相匹配的情况进行了比较。结果表明,要保证低排放,就必须在当地增加额外供应。在按年和按月匹配的情况下,我们证明电解槽的基荷运行会导致某些时段使用电网的化石燃料发电,从而导致排放量高于无氢气需求的情况。在每小时匹配的情况下,氢气生产不会增加系统级排放,但如果只有风能、太阳能和短期电池储能,基荷运行会导致提供持续供应的高成本。灵活的运行或在钢罐或地下洞穴中储存氢气,可将每小时匹配与每年匹配的成本损失降低到 7-8%。如果电解槽运行灵活或可再生能源发电比例较大,按月匹配制氢可减少系统排放。当剩余发电量可出售给电网时,采用小时匹配制氢可实现最大的减排量。我们的结论是,应支持电解槽的灵活运行,以保证低排放和低制氢成本。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Temporal regulation of renewable supply for electrolytic hydrogen
Electrolytic hydrogen produced using renewable electricity can help lower carbon dioxide emissions in sectors where feedstocks, reducing agents, dense fuels or high temperatures are required. This study investigates the implications of various standards being proposed to certify that the grid electricity used is renewable. The standards vary in how strictly they match the renewable generation to the electrolyser demand in time and space. Using an energy system model, we compare electricity procurement strategies to meet a constant hydrogen demand for selected European countries in 2025 and 2030. We compare cases where no additional renewable generators are procured with cases where the electrolyser demand is matched to additional supply from local renewable generators on an annual, monthly or hourly basis. We show that local additionality is required to guarantee low emissions. For the annually and monthly matched case, we demonstrate that baseload operation of the electrolysis leads to using fossil-fuelled generation from the grid for some hours, resulting in higher emissions than the case without hydrogen demand. In the hourly matched case, hydrogen production does not increase system-level emissions, but baseload operation results in high costs for providing constant supply if only wind, solar and short-term battery storage are available. Flexible operation or buffering hydrogen with storage, either in steel tanks or underground caverns, reduces the cost penalty of hourly versus annual matching to 7–8%. Hydrogen production with monthly matching can reduce system emissions if the electrolysers operate flexibly or the renewable generation share is large. The largest emission reduction is achieved with hourly matching when surplus electricity generation can be sold to the grid. We conclude that flexible operation of the electrolysis should be supported to guarantee low emissions and low hydrogen production costs.
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