Transition metal oxides and transition metal sulfides as cathodes for magnesium-ion batteries: current status and modification strategies

In recent years, magnesium (Mg) ion batteries (MIBs) have gained increasing interest as an alternative to LIBs because they have excellent volumetric capacity and are less prone to dendrite generation. However, the development of MIBs has been limited due to the large polarization of Mg²⁺ cations and their strong interactions with cathode host materials. On this basis, the exploration of high-performance cathodes has become the top priority for the development of MIBs. This review will focus on the development status of transition metal oxides (TMOs) and transition metal sulfides (TMSs) as cathodes for MIBs from the perspectives of mechanism, performance, and modification strategies and summarize the path for future development.