自欺欺人的僵尸:蛛网蜘蛛的诱导行为改变并不能提高其寄生蜂的存活率

IF 1.9 2区 生物学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
Thiago Gechel Kloss, Marcelo Oliveira Gonzaga, Thairine Mendes-Pereira, Stefany dos Santos de Almeida
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引用次数: 0

摘要

摘要寄生虫引起的行为改变已在多个类群中被广泛记录。然而,一个主要的挑战是如何通过实验确定这种操纵是否会给寄生虫带来适应性优势。受到姬小蜂攻击的蜘蛛行为改变的特点是构建经过改造的蛛网。这些改造过的蛛网可以降低蛹期天敌和环境因素造成的死亡率,从而提高寄生虫的生存机会。此外,有些改良网还能提供额外的保护,因为它在中央保留了一个叶片庇护所,寄生虫可以在那里结茧。在这些蛛网中,蛛网的改造可能对寄生虫蛹的生存并不重要。我们评估了被寄生蜘蛛在有叶片庇护所的蜘蛛网中进行的改造不能提高寄生虫生存率的假设,并详细介绍了黄蜂 Zatypota alborhombarta(Ichneumonidae)在其寄主蜘蛛 Cryptachaea migrans(Theridiidae)中诱导的行为改造。我们观察到,被寄生的蜘蛛织出的网经过改造后,网罩周围有丝线,垂直线减少,线的远端分叉增加。然而,寄主网的这些变化并没有提高寄生蛹的存活率。我们的研究结果表明,宿主行为改变对寄生虫的益处可能因宿主种类而异。此外,我们还发现,改变蛛网设计的效果可能取决于寄主创造的特定蛛网特征以及捕食压力等环境因素。意义声明寄生虫对寄主的行为操纵通常被认为是一种适应性特征,可以提高寄生生物的适应性。然而,宿主特征对寄生虫适应性的影响很少得到实验评估,这就对操纵的适应性程度提出了疑问。在这里,我们首次证明了蛛网蜘蛛中 Ichneumonidae 黄蜂诱导的行为改变并不会提高寄生虫的存活率。我们认为,寄生虫在蛹期使用的蛛网中存在的庇护所为寄生虫的发育提供了一个安全的环境,这与其他改变无关。此外,我们还认为这种行为修饰反映了系统发育保守性状的维持。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。

Deluded zombies: induced behavioral modification in a cobweb spider does not increase the survival of its parasitoid wasp

Deluded zombies: induced behavioral modification in a cobweb spider does not increase the survival of its parasitoid wasp

Abstract

Behavioral modifications induced by parasites have been extensively documented across multiple taxa. However, a major challenge is to experimentally determine whether such manipulations confer an adaptive advantage to the parasite. Behavioral alterations in spiders attacked by ichneumonid wasps are characterized by the construction of modified webs. These modified webs can enhance the survival chances of the parasitoid by reducing mortality due to natural enemies and environmental factors during the pupal stage. Additionally, some modified webs offer extra protection by keeping a centrally attached leaf shelter, originally used by the spider as a refuge, where parasitoids can build their cocoon. In these webs, it is possible that web modifications are not critical for the survival of parasitoid pupae. We evaluated the hypothesis that modifications made by parasitized spiders in a web with leaf shelter do not improve the survival of the parasitoid and presented details of behavioral modifications induced by the wasp Zatypota alborhombarta (Ichneumonidae) in its host spider Cryptachaea migrans (Theridiidae). We observed that modified webs built by parasitized spiders had silk thread around the web shelter, reduced vertical lines, and an increase in forked distal ends of lines. However, these changes in the host web did not improve the survival of parasitoid pupae. Our results indicate that the benefits of host behavioral modification for the parasitoids may vary across different host species. In addition, we suggested that the effects of altered web designs may depend on specific host-created web features and environmental factors like predation pressure.

Significance statement

Behavioral manipulations of hosts induced by parasites are often suggested as an adaptive trait, increasing the fitness of the parasitic organism. Still, the influence of host characteristics on the parasite’s fitness is rarely experimentally assessed, raising questions about the extent of the adaptive nature of manipulation. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that behavioral modifications induced by Ichneumonidae wasps in a cobweb spider do not increase the survival of the parasitoids. We argue that the presence of shelters in these webs, used by parasitoids in their pupal stages, provides a safe environment for development, independent of other modifications. Furthermore, we suggest that the behavioral modification reflects the maintenance of a phylogenetically conserved trait.

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来源期刊
CiteScore
3.90
自引率
8.70%
发文量
146
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: The journal publishes reviews, original contributions and commentaries dealing with quantitative empirical and theoretical studies in the analysis of animal behavior at the level of the individual, group, population, community, and species.
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