战后国家的家庭政策:乌克兰的结论

B. Krimer
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摘要

这篇文章专门研究了在一些国家实施家庭政策的经验,这些国家同时在本国领土上发生了军事行动,其人口行为与乌克兰人接近。之所以具有现实意义,是因为乌克兰的人口和社会经济发展面临着重大挑战,而俄乌战争又加剧了这一挑战。在生活质量下降的背景下,战争加剧了人口减少,增加了人口外流。家庭政策具有缓解人口挑战的潜力。研究在本国领土上经历过大规模军事行动且人口行为相似的国家实施家庭政策的经验,有助于形成乌克兰家庭政策发展的愿景。克罗地亚和波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的战争和战后重建案例被认为最具可比性。本文旨在研究在本国领土上发生过战争的国家的家庭政策经验,并确定在乌克兰实施其经验的可能性。研究工作采用了以下方法:比较、概括和归纳、历史类比和系统方法、对相关领域科学成就的批判性评估、图表分析和法律比较分析要素、抽象逻辑方法。文章中使用的一套统计指标基于欧盟统计局、经合组织家庭数据库、世界银行开放数据、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那统计局的材料以及有关该主题的科学出版物。这项工作的新颖之处在于补充了关于在战后条件下实施家庭政策的可能性和后果的观点,以及在战后恢复条件下利用其他国家经验的可能性。研究证实,在本国领土上经历过敌对行动的欧洲国家,其家庭政策的制定是在资金水平较低的情况下进行的,大部分计划中的手段没有得到实施,文件中关于生育率的目标(相当雄心勃勃)也没有实现。战后,经济较为成功的克罗地亚的生育率在经历了战争引起的波动和随后的下降之后,稳定在比较为贫穷的波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那更高的水平上,尽管战前的情况正好相反。家庭政策资金投入水平低、学前教育入学率低、缺乏大量的生育津贴、母亲在劳动力市场的机会方面存在困难、性别陈规定型观念蔓延是这些国家的特点。战后恢复背景下的家庭政策发展最终导致人们试图制定一项全面的家庭政策,重点是儿童保育服务、性别平等的普及和对工作父母的支持。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Family Policy in Post-War Countries: Conclusions for Ukraine
The article is devoted to the study of the experience of implementing family policy in countries where, at the same time, military actions took place on their own territory and the demographic behaviour of the population is close to that of Ukrainians. The relevance is due to the existence of significant challenges for the demographic and socio-economic development of Ukraine, which have intensified as a result of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The war intensifies depopulation against the backdrop of decline in the quality of life and increases the migratory outflow of the population. Family policy has the potential to mitigate demographic challenges. Studying the experience of its implementation in countries that have gone through heavy military operations on their own territory and have similar demographic behaviour of the population can contribute to the formation of vision for the development of family policy in Ukraine. The cases of wars and post-war reconstruction of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina were determined to be the most comparable. The purpose of the paper is to study the experience of family policy in countries that had the wars on their own territory and to determine the possibilities of implementing their experience in Ukraine. The work uses the following methods: comparison, generalization and induction, historical analogy and systemic approach, critical assessment of scientific achievements in the relevant field, elements of graphic analysis and comparative legal analysis, abstract-logical method. A set of statistical indicators used in the article is based on the materials of Eurostat, OECD Family Database, World Bank Open Data, the Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina, scientific publications on the subject. The novelty of the work consists in supplementing ideas about the possibilities and consequences of the implementation of family policy in post-war conditions, as well as the possibilities of using the experience of other countries in the conditions of post-war recovery. It is substantiated that the development of the family policy of the European countries that experienced hostilities on their own territory took place in the conditions of a low level of funding, most of the planned instruments were not implemented, the documented goals regarding fertility (quite ambitious) were not achieved. The post-war fertility in the more economically successful Croatia, after the war-induced fluctuations and subsequent decline, stabilized at a higher level than in the poorer Bosnia and Herzegovina, although the pre-war situation was the opposite. The low level of family policy funding, low preschool enrollment rate, lack of significant childbirth payments, difficulties with the opportunities of mothers in the labour market, spread of gender stereotypes are characteristic of the considered countries. The development of family policy in the context of postwar recovery ultimately leads to attempts to develop a comprehensive family policy with an emphasis on childcare services, the spread of gender equality and support for working parents.
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