The layered gabbroic intrusion in the Southern Eastern Desert of Egypt: Implications for Fe-Ti-rich magmatism at the end of the East African Orogeny

The Rahaba layered intrusion in the Southern Eastern Desert of Egypt is mainly composed of pyroxene hornblende-, and hornblende gabbros. It hosts thick FeTi oxide ore layers that are composed of titanomagnetite with subordinate ilmenite and magnetite. To understand the petrogenesis of the FeTi rich gabbroic rocks, the nature of their parent high-Fe primitive mantle melts and condition of FeTi oxide layer formation, we obtained new mineral chemistry and whole-rock major and trace element compositions. The geochemical characteristics of the gabbroic rocks resemble those of picro-basalts, suggesting generation from picritic basaltic-like melts of tholeiitic affinity. Their high-Fe-Ti-Mg nature (TiO₂, ∼1.91 wt%; MgO, ∼11.0 wt%; Fe₂O₃, ∼14 wt%) probably indicates elevated mantle potential temperatures due to upwelling of hot asthenospheric mantle. Rare earth elements (REEs) of clinopyroxene show flat patterns with depletion in LREEs, similar to those of the host gabbros and picritic basaltic lava, suggesting a mantle origin for their parental melts. Moreover, clinopyroxene compositions show differentiation trends similar to low-pressure igneous intrusions, and reveal a rift-related origin. Chemistry of plagioclase (An₄₅–₆₂), clinopyroxene (Wo_38.4–45.3, En_39.9–43, Fs_14–19.3; Mg#: 0.71–0.92) and olivine (Fo₅₆–₈₀) shows wide compositional ranges due to variable degrees of crystal fractionation. The calculated equilibrium temperature for the Rahaba Fe-Ti-rich gabbros is mainly 820–1000 °C, at pressure below 5 kbar, reflecting depth of rock solidification of <15 Km. These rocks show both subduction-like and rift-related geochemical signatures comparable to other post-collisional layered intrusions in the Arabian-Nubian Shield. The low average Ce/Pb (8.3) and high Ba/Nb (391) ratios together with the enriched large-ion lithophile elements (Cs, Ba, K and Sr) and depleted high-field strength elements (Th, Nb, Ta and Zr) reflect the contribution from a preceding subduction event. The lineament map, structural lineament and lineament density map reveal main WNW-ESE and NW-SE structural trends of the Najd System in the Rahaba area. The Rahaba FeTi rich gabbroic intrusion was likely formed by initial impact of a mantle plume head with Fe-rich streaks at the base of metasomatized lithospheric mantle during an extensional phase associated with activity of the Najd-related strike-slip faults, at the end of the East African Orogeny. The resultant mantle-derived melt compositions and Najd-related structures possibly controlled the distribution of FeTi ore deposits during this Orogeny. The Rahaba gabbroic intrusion was emplaced during post-collisional extension after slab break-off and lithospheric delamination following collision of accreted island-arcs with the Saharan Metacraton.