研究宾夕法尼亚革壳动物 Erisocrinus typus 的本体发育 Meek 和 Worthen,1865 年

Noel J. Hernandez Gomez, Lisette E. Melendez, Whitney A. Lapic, Sarah L. Sheffield, Ronald D. Lewis
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引用次数: 0

摘要

非技术摘要。今天被称为海百合的板齿类是石炭纪晚期(3.23-2.99 亿年前)海洋环境的主要组成部分。然而,板齿类动物形成化石的潜力很低,它们通常在死后很快就会分崩离析。这限制了我们对它们的生活史进行深入研究的能力,包括它们是如何生长的。通过在俄克拉荷马州巴恩斯道尔地层中发现一个化石保存特别完好的区域,我们有了一个难得的机会来了解其中一个种类--Erisocrinus typus--的生长过程。在这里,我们对一系列保存完好的化石进行了生长分析,并讨论了它们从幼年期到成年期的生长模式。摘要棘皮动物是石炭纪晚期(宾夕法尼亚时期)海洋生态系统的主要组成部分,但由于它们死后的解体速度很快,因此保存完好的标本很少,限制了对其生长过程的研究。由于萼片的缝合相对松散,它们是古生代所有脊索动物中脱壳率最高的。不过,在俄克拉荷马州的巴恩斯道尔地层中发现了异常大量的 Erisocrinus typus Meek 和 Worthen,1865 年,其中大部分保存为杯状,但也有一些几乎是完整的冠状。Barnsdall 地层是一个 Koncentrat Lagerstätte 地层,主要由细粒到中粒砂岩组成,上覆泥岩和页岩;该地层中泥岩和页岩层中的化石被严重压实,使得板块得以特殊保存。在此,我们总结了基于 10 个 E. typus 树冠的生长研究,展示了该物种在巴恩斯道尔地层中清晰的生长序列,包括很少保存的幼年发育阶段的化石。我们使用导入 ImageJ 的高分辨率照片,并记录了所有未变形或脱节板块的杯状和臂状的测量值。结果表明,杯状板的生长具有正负异性。E.typus的初级肱骨板以正异体生长。肱骨板在幼年时为单列(即楔形),但后来转变为双列。Erisocrinus typus的生长轨迹与其他类群大致相同。这些生长模式提供了对摄食策略的洞察力,有助于理解板齿类的古生态进化趋势。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Examining the ontogeny of the Pennsylvanian cladid crinoid Erisocrinus typus Meek and Worthen, 1865
Non-technical Summary. Crinoids, the group known today as the sea lilies, were a major constituent of ocean environments from the late Carboniferous (323–299 million years ago). However, crinoid fossil-forming potential is poor, and they typically fell apart quickly after death. This limits our ability to study much about their life histories, including how they would have grown. Through the discovery of an area of exceptional fossil preservation in the Barnsdall Formation of Oklahoma, we have a rare chance to learn about the growth of one of these species of crinoids, Erisocrinus typus. Here we perform a growth analysis of a well-preserved series of fossils and discuss the patterns that it showed from its juvenile stage to adulthood. Abstract. Crinoids were major constituents of late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) marine ecosystems, but their rapid disarticulation rates after death result in few well-preserved specimens, limiting the study of their growth. This is amplified for cladids, who had among the highest disarticulation rates of all Paleozoic crinoids due to the relatively loose suturing of the calyx plates. However, Erisocrinus typus Meek and Worthen, 1865 has been found in unusually large numbers, most preserved as cups but some as nearly complete crowns, in the Barnsdall Formation in Oklahoma. The Barnsdall Formation, a Koncentrat Lagerstätte, is composed predominantly of fine- to medium-grained sandstone, overlain by mudstone and shale; severe compaction of the fossils in the mudstone and shale layer in this formation allowed for exceptional preservation of the plates. Herein, we summarize a growth study based on 10 crowns of E. typus, showcasing a well-defined growth series of this species from the Barnsdall Formation, including fossils from juvenile stages of development, which are rarely preserved. We used high-resolution photographs imported into ImageJ and recorded measurements of the cup and arms for all nondistorted or disarticulated plates. Results show that the plates of the cup grew anisometrically with both positive and negative allometry. The primibrachial plates of E. typus grew with positive allometry. The brachial plates started as uniserial (i.e., cuneiform) as juveniles but shifted to be biserial. Erisocrinus typus broadly shares similar growth trajectories with other cladids. These growth patterns provide insight into feeding strategies and can aid in understanding crinoid evolutionary paleoecological trends.
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