Sustainability innovation and circular economy of freshwater hybrid catfish oil extraction

Integrating sustainability innovation and a circular economy model in extracting freshwater hybrid catfish oil can lead to economic, environmental, and social gains, aligning closely. Fish oil is an industrial product of great nutritional value due to its having long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, it is highly valued for its prophylactic and therapeutic properties in nutritional and health fields. Moreover, these fatty acids are related to different neuronal functions, and their absence is associated with diverse inflammatory processes and the precarious development of neurons in human patients. Fish oil from the body parts of the hybrid catfish' frozen adipose tissue was extracted using the conventional cooking method, and a screw compressor squeezed the prepared sample and then steamed it to separate solid and oil portions to determine quantitative yield. The GC-MS method characterized the obtained total extracts for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the presence of fatty acids. Oil contents of adipose tissues were saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and unsaturated fatty acids 37.99±0.41%, 48.43±1.75%, and 13.58±1.33%, respectively. The oil was allowed to examined physical-chemical properties and microbial activities. The results show that the hybrid catfish studied are a rich source of omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 polyunsaturated fatty acids.