MOTIVATION THEORY: FROM HEDONISM TO THE DICHOTOMY OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL MOTIVATIONS

Motivation remains one of the most studied topics in the field of psychology and management - many foreign and domestic psychologists throughout the 19th-21st centuries were interested in what exactly motivates people to act. The thinkers of Ancient Greece and Rome studied this issue, however, this area does not stand still, and over time, theories of motivation are developed and supplemented. The author of the article seeks to contribute to the study of motivation, starting from the philosophical concept of hedonism of the 15th century and to the division of motives into internal and external within the framework of motivation theories of the 20th century. The purpose of the article is to synthesize basic theories of motivation, starting with hedonism and ending with the dichotomy of internal and external motivations - the author explores various concepts of motivation and describes their influence on human behavior in the context of three related theories: Jungian orientation, self-determination theory and the theory of internal and external values. The study uses analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, including works on philosophy, psychology and motivation. As a result of the investigation, the author concludes that theoretical frameworks, serving as depictions of various facets in the establishment of human motivation, delineate innate and acquired forms of motivation. Furthermore, a classification of motives into external and internal categories is posited: external motivation is linked to a societal orientation, whereby the individual predominantly self-defines through social integration and is more contingent on one's own social standing. In contrast, the internal type of motivation, geared towards outcomes, exhibits less dependence on society and significantly diminishes its inclination towards social approval.