Overview of Urinary Tract Infection Caused by Bacteria

Urinary tract infections (UTIs), a significant public health concern, can be brought on by a wide variety of bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. The high recurrence rates and evolving antibiotic resistance of uropathogens constitute a serious threat to the financial burden of these disorders. Pathogens in urine can be detected using a variety of diagnostic approaches, which are broadly divided into laboratory-based and point-of-care (POC) detection methods. Many research institutions and companies working in this subject have strived to establish rapid and accurate pathogen identification because traditional approaches may be timeconsuming. The indications and symptoms are further divided into the following three groups: (1) General signs and symptoms like fever; (2) lower urinary tract symptoms including urgency, frequency, and dysuria; (3) non-specific signs and symptoms such nausea and malaise. Additionally, the prevalence of UTIs brought on by multidrug resistance (MDR) is rising, which has a considerable negative impact on the propagation of antibiotic resistance as well as the financial burden of these infections