全球遏制与局部泄漏:结构性暴力与拆船的有毒流动

Camelia Dewan, Elizabeth A. Sibilia
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摘要

本文探讨了船舶回收--航运经济的重要组成部分--如何导致有毒船舶拆解,从而将有害物质泄漏到南亚的沿海社区和湿地生态中。通过对孟加拉国 Chattogram 的拆船工人和当地渔业社区以及拆船厂业主、海事顾问和政府官员进行多尺度、多背景的人种学实地调查,我们将有毒物质流概念化,以此来追溯那些受到拆船工业污染影响的人们的生活经历。首先,我们提出,拆船及其当地的有毒物质泄漏构成了一种 "结构性暴力",暴力内置于海洋经济的积累战略逻辑中,并表现为不平等的权力关系,为不平等的生活机会创造了条件。其次,我们讨论了孟加拉国最近为批准《香港安全与无害环境拆船公约》所做的努力及其遏制有毒物质流动的潜力。最后,我们探讨了如何通过人种学方法追踪 "有毒物质流",即这些有毒物质的流动,使我们能够改变分析的尺度,并使人们看到拆船被认为对健康和社会再生产产生负面影响的不同方式,这些影响超出了拆船厂的边界。我们的结论是,结构性暴力(如因接触有毒物质而导致预期寿命缩短)有可能在没有国家监管执法和监督的情况下嵌入海洋形式的积累逻辑中。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Global containments and local leakages: Structural violence and the toxic flows of shipbreaking
This article explores how ship recycling—an essential part of the shipping economy—results in breaking up toxic vessels that leak hazardous materials into coastal communities and wetlands ecologies of South Asia. Drawing on multi-scaled and multisited ethnographic fieldwork with shipbreaking workers and local fishing communities in Chattogram, Bangladesh as well as with shipbreaking yard owners, maritime consultants, and government officials, we conceptualize toxic flows as a method to trace the lived experiences of those who are exposed to industrial pollution from shipbreaking. First, we propose that shipbreaking with its local toxic leakages constitutes a form of “structural violence” where violence is built into the logic of accumulation strategies in the maritime economy and shows up as unequal power relations that produce the conditions for unequal life chances. Second, we discuss Bangladesh’s recent efforts towards ratifying the Hong Kong Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships and its potential to contain these toxic flows. Lastly, we explore how ethnographically tracing ‘toxic flows’ i.e., the movement of these toxic substances, allows us to shift scales of analysis and make visible the different ways shipbreaking is perceived to negatively affect health and social reproduction beyond the boundary of shipbreaking yards. We conclude that structural violence such as reduced life expectancies due to poisonous exposure risks becoming embedded in the logic of oceanic forms of accumulation without state regulatory enforcement and supervision.
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