Supplying demands of aquatic ecosystems using bivariate optimization of water depletion strategies under uncertainty

Water monitoring policies are recommended to ensure ecosystem preservation in industrial and agricultural development. Due to the reduction of water resources and the importance of sustainable rice production, it is necessary to develop relevant policies to promote the optimization of water and fertilizer distribution in rice paddy water environments. This article aims to plan the two objectives of water supply and reducing the environmental effects of nitrates in rice cultivation and analyzing the maximum and minimum benefits. By modifying the methods of fertilization and water distribution, the amount of production can be gradually increased by taking into account the harmful effects on the environment. Water and nitrate have a synergistic effect on the growth of paddy rice. However, the amount of runoff that is affected by nitrates is directly related to the pollution of aquatic environments. The results confirmed the correlation between nitrate concentration and production and reported the reduction of its negative effects depending on the management of inflow and outflow to rice fields. Changing the outflow according to the fertilization time and the inflow rate is an effective solution in the fertilizer nitrogen uptake and reducing the nitrate concentration in surface water sources in the long term.