天花病毒科的免疫发病机制:从天花到猴痘的免疫学启示

Brent Brown, Ingo Fricke, Chinua Imarogbe, Alexander Ariel Padrón González, Osvaldo Aguilera Batista, Pascal Mensah, Enrique Chacon-Cruz
{"title":"天花病毒科的免疫发病机制:从天花到猴痘的免疫学启示","authors":"Brent Brown, Ingo Fricke, Chinua Imarogbe, Alexander Ariel Padrón González, Osvaldo Aguilera Batista, Pascal Mensah, Enrique Chacon-Cruz","doi":"10.37349/ei.2023.00119","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Since 2019, notable global viral outbreaks have occurred necessitating further research and healthcare system investigations. Following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, in 2022, whilst severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strains evolved, monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections became more evident. MPXV is of the Orthopoxviridae genus, belonging to the family Poxviridae. Zoonotic transmission (animal-to-human transmission) may occur. The Orthopoxviridae genus includes other orthopoxviruses (OPXVs) present in animal host reservoirs that include cowpox viruses (CPXVs), vaccinia virus (VACV), and variola virus (VARV), with the latter being a causal agent of smallpox and excessive mortality. This review aims to present facts about MPXV-specific pathogenesis, epidemiology, and immunology alongside historical perspectives. MPXV was rarely reported outside Africa before April 2000. Early research since 1796 contributed towards the eradication of VARV leading to immunisation strategies. The World Health Organisation (WHO) announcement that VARV had been eradicated was confirmed in 1980. On the 23rd of July 2022, the WHO announced MPXV as a health emergency. Therefore, concern due to the propagation of MPXV causing monkeypox (mpox) disease requires clarity. Infected hosts display symptoms like extensive cellular-initiated rashes and lesions. Infection with MPXV makes it difficult to differentiate from other diseases or skin conditions. Antiviral therapeutic drugs were typically prescribed for smallpox and mpox disease; however, the molecular and immunological mechanisms with cellular changes remain of interest. Furthermore, no official authorized treatment exists for mpox disease. Some humans across the globe may be considered at risk. Historically, presenting symptoms of mpox resemble other viral diseases. Symptoms include rashes or lesions like Streptococcus, but also human herpes viruses (HHVs), including Varicella zoster virus (VZV).","PeriodicalId":93552,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: insights into immunology from smallpox to monkeypox (mpox)\",\"authors\":\"Brent Brown, Ingo Fricke, Chinua Imarogbe, Alexander Ariel Padrón González, Osvaldo Aguilera Batista, Pascal Mensah, Enrique Chacon-Cruz\",\"doi\":\"10.37349/ei.2023.00119\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Since 2019, notable global viral outbreaks have occurred necessitating further research and healthcare system investigations. Following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, in 2022, whilst severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strains evolved, monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections became more evident. MPXV is of the Orthopoxviridae genus, belonging to the family Poxviridae. Zoonotic transmission (animal-to-human transmission) may occur. The Orthopoxviridae genus includes other orthopoxviruses (OPXVs) present in animal host reservoirs that include cowpox viruses (CPXVs), vaccinia virus (VACV), and variola virus (VARV), with the latter being a causal agent of smallpox and excessive mortality. This review aims to present facts about MPXV-specific pathogenesis, epidemiology, and immunology alongside historical perspectives. MPXV was rarely reported outside Africa before April 2000. Early research since 1796 contributed towards the eradication of VARV leading to immunisation strategies. The World Health Organisation (WHO) announcement that VARV had been eradicated was confirmed in 1980. On the 23rd of July 2022, the WHO announced MPXV as a health emergency. Therefore, concern due to the propagation of MPXV causing monkeypox (mpox) disease requires clarity. Infected hosts display symptoms like extensive cellular-initiated rashes and lesions. Infection with MPXV makes it difficult to differentiate from other diseases or skin conditions. Antiviral therapeutic drugs were typically prescribed for smallpox and mpox disease; however, the molecular and immunological mechanisms with cellular changes remain of interest. Furthermore, no official authorized treatment exists for mpox disease. Some humans across the globe may be considered at risk. Historically, presenting symptoms of mpox resemble other viral diseases. Symptoms include rashes or lesions like Streptococcus, but also human herpes viruses (HHVs), including Varicella zoster virus (VZV).\",\"PeriodicalId\":93552,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Exploration of immunology\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2023-11-21\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Exploration of immunology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2023.00119\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Exploration of immunology","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2023.00119","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

摘要

自 2019 年以来,全球发生了多起值得注意的病毒暴发事件,因此有必要开展进一步的研究和医疗保健系统调查。继2019年冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行之后,2022年,在严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)毒株演变的同时,猴痘病毒(MPXV)感染也变得更加明显。MPXV 属于痘病毒科正痘病毒属。可能会发生人畜共患病传播(动物间传播)。正痘病毒科属包括存在于动物宿主库中的其他正痘病毒(OPXV),其中包括牛痘病毒(CPXV)、疫苗病毒(VACV)和水痘病毒(VARV),后者是导致天花和过高死亡率的病原体。本综述旨在介绍 MPXV 特异性致病机理、流行病学和免疫学方面的事实以及历史观点。2000 年 4 月之前,非洲以外地区很少有关于 MPXV 的报道。1796 年以来的早期研究为根除 VARV 做出了贡献,并由此制定了免疫策略。世界卫生组织(WHO)于 1980 年宣布 VARV 已被根除。2022 年 7 月 23 日,世卫组织宣布 MPXV 为紧急卫生状况。因此,需要明确MPXV传播导致猴痘疾病的担忧。受感染的宿主会表现出广泛的细胞引发的皮疹和病变等症状。感染 MPXV 后很难与其他疾病或皮肤病区分开来。抗病毒治疗药物通常用于治疗天花和天花痘;然而,细胞变化的分子和免疫学机制仍然令人感兴趣。此外,目前还没有官方授权的天花治疗方法。全球各地的一些人可能被认为面临风险。从历史上看,天花的症状与其他病毒性疾病相似。症状包括类似链球菌的皮疹或皮损,也包括人类疱疹病毒(HHV),包括水痘带状疱疹病毒(VZV)。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: insights into immunology from smallpox to monkeypox (mpox)
Since 2019, notable global viral outbreaks have occurred necessitating further research and healthcare system investigations. Following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, in 2022, whilst severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strains evolved, monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections became more evident. MPXV is of the Orthopoxviridae genus, belonging to the family Poxviridae. Zoonotic transmission (animal-to-human transmission) may occur. The Orthopoxviridae genus includes other orthopoxviruses (OPXVs) present in animal host reservoirs that include cowpox viruses (CPXVs), vaccinia virus (VACV), and variola virus (VARV), with the latter being a causal agent of smallpox and excessive mortality. This review aims to present facts about MPXV-specific pathogenesis, epidemiology, and immunology alongside historical perspectives. MPXV was rarely reported outside Africa before April 2000. Early research since 1796 contributed towards the eradication of VARV leading to immunisation strategies. The World Health Organisation (WHO) announcement that VARV had been eradicated was confirmed in 1980. On the 23rd of July 2022, the WHO announced MPXV as a health emergency. Therefore, concern due to the propagation of MPXV causing monkeypox (mpox) disease requires clarity. Infected hosts display symptoms like extensive cellular-initiated rashes and lesions. Infection with MPXV makes it difficult to differentiate from other diseases or skin conditions. Antiviral therapeutic drugs were typically prescribed for smallpox and mpox disease; however, the molecular and immunological mechanisms with cellular changes remain of interest. Furthermore, no official authorized treatment exists for mpox disease. Some humans across the globe may be considered at risk. Historically, presenting symptoms of mpox resemble other viral diseases. Symptoms include rashes or lesions like Streptococcus, but also human herpes viruses (HHVs), including Varicella zoster virus (VZV).
求助全文
通过发布文献求助,成功后即可免费获取论文全文。 去求助
来源期刊
CiteScore
1.00
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信