公元 17-19 世纪朵伯利斯克居民受自然力的影响及适应自然力的方式(通过考古和历史证据)

O. Anoshko
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引用次数: 0

摘要

朵伯利斯克的建筑外观在整个公元 17-19 世纪期间不断发展变化。位于冲积平原上的下城区经常受到额尔齐斯河洪水的侵袭。洪水给城市造成了巨大的物质损失,侵蚀了黄土河岸,破坏了道路、桥梁结构、商店、教堂和民居。相反,上游地区却因缺水而遭受损失,因为水必须从山麓地区输送过来。人口的过度拥挤和木材房屋的密度又加剧了这种状况。因此,火灾事故是朵伯利斯克真正的灾难。本文探讨了朵伯利斯克经常发生自然灾害的原因、自然灾害对城市规划结构发展的影响以及朵伯利斯克居民的亚生存文化中对自然灾害的适应过程。这项研究的新颖之处在于在综合研究中考虑了历史和考古资料。历史资料包括主要城市建筑的建造和翻新、火灾和洪水对其造成的破坏,以及当局为应对这些事件所采取的措施。考古资料显示了朵伯利斯克居民如何应对自然因素的破坏力。研究揭示了朵伯利斯克居民为减少火灾危害而采取的措施:警察监控、街道规划、石砌建筑、改变炉子的结构特征、房屋隔热、建造尼科尔斯基伏兹沃兹和水塔。防止融雪洪水、高水位和地下水位过高的措施主要是加固额尔齐斯河及其支流的河岸,在河岸上夯实柱子和木头,用石头夯实空隙,挖掘引水沟渠,用底土回填某些平台,在底土上建造木制房屋,在高跷或地基上建造有石头基础的房屋。总之,利用考古和历史资料,朵伯利斯克人适应自然气候环境条件的机制已被确定。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The influence of natural forces and the ways of adaptation to them by Tobolsk residents in the 17th–19th cc. (by the archaeological and historical evidence)
The architectural appearance of Tobolsk was developing and changing throughout the period of the 17th–19th cc. In the history of the city, there were impeding factors of this process associated with the activity of natural forces. Its lower quarter, located on the alluvial plane, was regularly subjected to the floods of the Irtysh River. They caused substantial physical damage to the city, eroded the loamy riverbank, and damaged roads, structures of the bridges, shops, churches, and residential houses. The upper quarter, on the contrary, suffered from the lack of water, which had to be delivered from the piedmont part. This situa-tion was exasperated by the high overcrowding of the population and timber-housing density. Therefore, fire accidents were a real scourge of Tobolsk. The paper concerns the causes of the regular occurrence of natural disasters in Tobolsk, their influ-ence on the development of its urban-planning structure and formation of adaptation processes with respect to them in the sub-sistence culture of Tobolsk residents. The novelty of the research is due to the fact that the historical and archaeological materi-als are considered in the synthesis. The historical sources contain information on the construction and renovation of the main city buildings, their destruction in the result of fires and floods, and refer to the measures taken by the authorities to counter these events. The archaeological data shows how the residents of Tobolsk were coping with the destructive power of natural elements. The research revealed the measures undertaken by the Tobolsk residents towards the reduction of the fire hazard: police surveillance, street planning, stone building, change of the structural features of ovens, house thermal insulation, building of Nikolsky Vzvoz and a water tower. Protection from snowmelt floods, highwaters and the high level of the ground waters centred around the bank strengthening of the Irtysh and its tributaries by ramming in poles and timber logs with tamping the free space with stone, digging ditches for water diversion, backfilling certain platforms with subsoil, and by building timber houses on subcletions, houses with stone foundation on stilts or ground sills. In general, using the archaeological and histrorical materials, the mechanisms of the adaptation of the Tobolsk population to the natural-climatic environmental conditions have been identified.
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