The significance of human papillomavirus integration in carcinogenesis and the development of specific diagnostics and countermeasures

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with various tumors, notably in the cervix, oropharyngeal region, and anus. As the disease progresses, integration of the viral genome into the host genome is often observed, yet the means of integration and its intrinsic relationship to carcinogenesis remain unclear. To address this gap, novel sequencing technologies have been developed to enhance the accuracy, intuitiveness, and cost-effectiveness of identifying integration breakpoints. HPV genome integration is thought to induce imbalances or dysfunctions in gene expression, epigenetic changes, chromosomal translocation, and genetic instability. The precise mechanisms underlying the changes in gene expression caused by genome integration offer avenues for tumor risk prediction and prognosis assessment. Personalized precision medicine, grounded in the integration patterns unique to each patient, holds promise for cancer treatment. This review summarizes and discusses the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanisms, carcinogenesis, detection and analysis, and clinical significance of HPV integration. It synthesizes existing information to offer a comprehensive overview, potentially enhancing our understanding of HPV-related tumorigenesis and aiding in the development of more effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.