CURRENT PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT IN UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a common reason for presentation to the hospital. Appropriate resuscitation followed by endoscopic assessment and endotherapy for high-risk lesions (active bleeding or non-bleeding with visible vessels) forms the cornerstone of management. Pharmacological therapies are utilised at each stage of management in both variceal and non-variceal bleeding. Proton pump inhibitors and prokinetic agents can be administered pre-endoscopically with vasoactive medication and antibiotics utilised in suspected variceal bleeding. Epinephrine may be used as a temporising measure to improve visualisation during endoscopy but should not applied as a single agent. Topical endoscopic therapies have also shown promise in achieving haemostasis. Following endoscopy, a high dose of proton pump inhibitor should be given to patients who require endotherapy and vasoactive medications, and antibiotics continued in confirmed variceal bleeds. The timing of resumption of antithrombotic medication is dependent on the agent utilised and underlying thrombotic risk.