B. S. Buiantuev, N. S. Kalmykov, E. V. Iakovenko, D. V. Kholodnyak
{"title":"为微波应用设计具有严格容差的宽带负电感器的方法学","authors":"B. S. Buiantuev, N. S. Kalmykov, E. V. Iakovenko, D. V. Kholodnyak","doi":"10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-6-74-93","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Non-Foster elements (NFEs) mimic behavior of hypothetical negative inductors or capacitors in a certain frequency band. NFEs are used to compensate reactance of conventional inductors and capacitors that allows designing broadband microwave devices. To realize NFEs, active circuits referred to as negative impedance converters (NICs) are employed to convert the load impedance into the negative input impedance. The conversion error, caused by non-optimal choice of NIC parameters and non-idealities of NIC components, limits the accuracy and operating bandwidth of NFEs. The necessity to account for many factors, which indirectly and oppositely impact the final result, and unavailability of a universal design methodology complicate the design of NFEs significantly. As a result, broadband NFE characteristics differ from the target ones remarkably that limits practical applications.Aim. Elaboration of a design methodology to compensate the Linvill’s NIC conversion error and realize high-accuracy broadband negative inductors.Materials and methods. Influence of NIC constituent parameters on the negative inductor frequency characteristics is considered. The performed analysis and the identified relationships allowed us to propose a step-by-step methodology to design negative inductors having tight tolerance over a broad frequency band. The use of a transmission line section instead of a lumped inductor in the NIC load when realizing negative inductors of high absolute values is shown to be advantageous as this allows providing better tolerance and wider bandwidth.Results. In order to demonstrate possibilities enabled by the proposed methodology, simulation results are presented for the GHz-range negative inductors with a set of inductance and tolerance values.Conclusion. The results obtained show that the proposed methodology makes it possible to compensate the conversion error without any numerical optimization and therefore to reduce the deviation of the negative inductance from the target value in the given frequency range or to broaden the bandwidth for a given tolerable deviation of the negative inductance.","PeriodicalId":217555,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics","volume":"71 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"A Methodology to Design Broadband Negative Inductors with Tight Tolerance for Microwave Applications\",\"authors\":\"B. S. Buiantuev, N. S. Kalmykov, E. V. Iakovenko, D. V. Kholodnyak\",\"doi\":\"10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-6-74-93\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Introduction. Non-Foster elements (NFEs) mimic behavior of hypothetical negative inductors or capacitors in a certain frequency band. NFEs are used to compensate reactance of conventional inductors and capacitors that allows designing broadband microwave devices. To realize NFEs, active circuits referred to as negative impedance converters (NICs) are employed to convert the load impedance into the negative input impedance. The conversion error, caused by non-optimal choice of NIC parameters and non-idealities of NIC components, limits the accuracy and operating bandwidth of NFEs. The necessity to account for many factors, which indirectly and oppositely impact the final result, and unavailability of a universal design methodology complicate the design of NFEs significantly. As a result, broadband NFE characteristics differ from the target ones remarkably that limits practical applications.Aim. Elaboration of a design methodology to compensate the Linvill’s NIC conversion error and realize high-accuracy broadband negative inductors.Materials and methods. Influence of NIC constituent parameters on the negative inductor frequency characteristics is considered. The performed analysis and the identified relationships allowed us to propose a step-by-step methodology to design negative inductors having tight tolerance over a broad frequency band. The use of a transmission line section instead of a lumped inductor in the NIC load when realizing negative inductors of high absolute values is shown to be advantageous as this allows providing better tolerance and wider bandwidth.Results. In order to demonstrate possibilities enabled by the proposed methodology, simulation results are presented for the GHz-range negative inductors with a set of inductance and tolerance values.Conclusion. The results obtained show that the proposed methodology makes it possible to compensate the conversion error without any numerical optimization and therefore to reduce the deviation of the negative inductance from the target value in the given frequency range or to broaden the bandwidth for a given tolerable deviation of the negative inductance.\",\"PeriodicalId\":217555,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics\",\"volume\":\"71 3\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2023-12-27\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-6-74-93\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-6-74-93","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
简介非寄生元件(NFE)在一定频段内模拟假设负电感器或电容器的行为。NFE 可用于补偿传统电感器和电容器的电抗,从而设计出宽带微波器件。为实现 NFE,需要使用被称为负阻抗转换器(NIC)的有源电路将负载阻抗转换为负输入阻抗。负阻抗转换器参数的非最佳选择和负阻抗转换器元件的非理想化所造成的转换误差,限制了 NFE 的精度和工作带宽。由于必须考虑许多间接和相反影响最终结果的因素,而且没有通用的设计方法,因此无损检测器的设计变得非常复杂。因此,宽带无损检测器的特性与目标特性差异很大,限制了实际应用。制定一种设计方法,以补偿林维尔 NIC 转换误差,实现高精度宽带负电感。考虑了 NIC 组成参数对负电感器频率特性的影响。通过所进行的分析和确定的关系,我们提出了在宽频带设计具有严格容差的负电感器的逐步方法。在实现高绝对值负电感器时,在 NIC 负载中使用传输线部分而不是叠加电感器具有优势,因为这样可以提供更好的容差和更宽的带宽。为了展示所提方法的可能性,我们给出了 GHz 范围负电感的模拟结果,并给出了一组电感值和容差值。结果表明,建议的方法可以在不进行任何数值优化的情况下补偿转换误差,从而在给定频率范围内减少负电感与目标值的偏差,或在给定负电感可容忍偏差的情况下拓宽带宽。
A Methodology to Design Broadband Negative Inductors with Tight Tolerance for Microwave Applications
Introduction. Non-Foster elements (NFEs) mimic behavior of hypothetical negative inductors or capacitors in a certain frequency band. NFEs are used to compensate reactance of conventional inductors and capacitors that allows designing broadband microwave devices. To realize NFEs, active circuits referred to as negative impedance converters (NICs) are employed to convert the load impedance into the negative input impedance. The conversion error, caused by non-optimal choice of NIC parameters and non-idealities of NIC components, limits the accuracy and operating bandwidth of NFEs. The necessity to account for many factors, which indirectly and oppositely impact the final result, and unavailability of a universal design methodology complicate the design of NFEs significantly. As a result, broadband NFE characteristics differ from the target ones remarkably that limits practical applications.Aim. Elaboration of a design methodology to compensate the Linvill’s NIC conversion error and realize high-accuracy broadband negative inductors.Materials and methods. Influence of NIC constituent parameters on the negative inductor frequency characteristics is considered. The performed analysis and the identified relationships allowed us to propose a step-by-step methodology to design negative inductors having tight tolerance over a broad frequency band. The use of a transmission line section instead of a lumped inductor in the NIC load when realizing negative inductors of high absolute values is shown to be advantageous as this allows providing better tolerance and wider bandwidth.Results. In order to demonstrate possibilities enabled by the proposed methodology, simulation results are presented for the GHz-range negative inductors with a set of inductance and tolerance values.Conclusion. The results obtained show that the proposed methodology makes it possible to compensate the conversion error without any numerical optimization and therefore to reduce the deviation of the negative inductance from the target value in the given frequency range or to broaden the bandwidth for a given tolerable deviation of the negative inductance.