Should I stay or should I go? Return migration or naturalisation: Case study of Turkmen students in Almaty, Kazakhstan

This research investigates the decision-making processes of Turkmen students in Almaty, with a specific focus on whether they choose to remain in Kazakhstan or return to Turkmenistan. It delves into the intricate factors influencing their decisions, especially among those pursuing higher education in Almaty's universities. The study surveyed 44 respondents, comprising 33 females and 11 males, to explore the prevailing trends in decision-making within this demographic. Employing a range of computational methods, this research sheds light on the complex interplay of factors impacting the migration and naturalisation decisions of Turkmen students, offering valuable insights into the dynamics of return migration in the region. The most crucial finding of this research is that socio-cultural factors, particularly the sense of belongingness in the host country, play a paramount role in shaping the decisions of Turkmens. Contrary to common assumptions, economic and political factors appear to be less influential. This result challenges prevailing beliefs about Central Asian migration, where economic opportunities are often perceived as the primary motivator.