Opportunities and Challenges of Remote Sensing, Geospatial Data, and Machine Learning in Obtaining Accessibility and Location Information for Sustainable Development in Indonesia

With the advancement of technologies so does the data collection method which creates a large, rapid, and diverse stream of data. Statistic Indonesia (BPS) has also encouraged to utilize this by starting to collect geospatial information on respondents and public facilities. To keep up with this a change needs to be made in processing methods to accommodate massive, high-dimensional, and multiform data collected in different forms such as machine learning. This progression also opens up a new opportunity for tackling various statistical data problems such as accessibility and location data. Remote sensing is one of the big data sources that undergoes a lot of changes shown in the high spatial and temporal resolution satellite imagery availability, together with the BPS geotagging data shows great promise in classifying land use and geospatial analysis. Even so, there are still some challenges in remote sensing as well as other geospatial data utilization. The goals of this review paper are to study the opportunities and challenges in utilizing remote sensing, geospatial data, and machine learning for accessibility and location information. In this paper, we explore the possibilities and limitations in its implementation into SDGs indicators that involve accessibility and location such as indicators 9.1.1, 11.1.1, 11.2.1, 11.3.1, and 11.7.1 including other variables needed for the calculation like access to public facilities. Moreover, our experiment using geotagging data shows potential in improving proportion estimation when compared to using a simple ratio. Our DEGURBA following the UN definition using machine learning LULC for dasymetric mapping also provides more insight compared to the existing data. We can conclude that there are great opportunities in applying remote sensing and other geospatial data to monitor the accessibility and location to further sustainable development in Indonesia.