Critical Review of Hydrogen Production via Seawater Electrolysis and Desalination: Evaluating Current Practices

The pursuit of sustainable and clean energy solutions has led to increased interest in hydrogen as an efficient energy carrier. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of state-of-the-art technologies for hydrogen production through seawater electrolysis and desalination, addressing the critical need for clean energy generation and sustainable water supply. It emphasizes the importance of hydrogen as a versatile and environmentally friendly energy source, as well as the significance of seawater desalination. The analysis includes a comparison of three electrolysis technologies: solid oxide electrolysis (SOE), alkaline electrolyzers (AE), and proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis. Factors such as energy requirements, capital and maintenance costs, and offshore suitability are considered, facilitating an informed evaluation of the most suitable electrolysis method for seawater hydrogen production. Additionally, three desalination technologies are evaluated: reverse osmosis (RO), thermal desalination, and membrane desalination. The assessment takes into account investment and operation costs, energy demand, and environmental impact, providing insights into the feasibility and sustainability of integrating hydrogen production with seawater desalination. This condensed review provides a holistic perspective on the techno-economic viability, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability of various technologies, enabling informed decision-making towards a more sustainable and resilient energy-water nexus. Overall, this study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on hydrogen production and seawater desalination, offering insights that can inform strategic planning, policy development, and technological advancements in achieving a greener and more sustainable future.